LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON CONTROL OF THE ENTRY ANDEXIT OF ALIENS
(Adopted at the 13th Meeting of the Standing Committee of theSixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 31 of thePresident of the People's Republic of China on November 22, 1985, andeffective as of February 1, 1986)ContentsChapter I General ProvisionsChapter II Entry into the CountryChapter III ResidenceChapter IV TravelChapter V Exit from the CountryChapter VI Administrative OrgansChapter VII PenaltiesChapter VIII Supplementary ProvisionsChapter I General Provisions
Chapter I General
Article 1This Law is formulated with a view to safeguarding the sovereignty of the People's Republic of China, maintaining its security and public order and facilitating international exchange. This Law is applicable to aliens entering, leaving and transiting the territory of the People's Republic of China and to those residing and travelling in China
Article 2Aliens must obtain the permission of the competent authorities of theChinese Government in order to enter, transit or reside in China.
Article 3For entry, exit and transit, aliens must pass through ports open to aliens or other designated ports and must be subject to inspection by the frontier inspection offices. For entry, exit and transit, foreign-owned means of transport must pass through ports open to aliens or other designated ports and must be subject to inspection and supervision by the frontier inspection offices.
Article 4The Chinese Government shall protect the lawful rights and interests ofaliens on Chinese territory.Freedom of the person of aliens is inviolable. No alien may be arrested except with the approval or by decision of a people's procuratorate or by decision of a people's court, and arrest must be made by a public security organ or state security organ.
Article 5Aliens in China must abide by Chinese laws and may not endanger the state security of China, harm public interests or disrupt public order.
Chapter II Entry into the Country
Article 6For entry into China, aliens shall apply for visas from Chinese diplomatic missions, consular offices or other resident agencies abroad authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In specific situations aliens may, in compliance with the provisions of the State Council, apply for visas to visa-granting offices at ports designated by the competent authorities of the Chinese Government. The entry of nationals from countries having visa agreements with the Chinese Government shall be handled in accordance with those agreements. In cases where another country has special provisions for Chinese citizens entering and transiting that country, the competent authorities of theChinese Government may adopt reciprocal measures contingent on thecircumstances. Visas are not required for aliens in immediate transit on connected international flights who hold passenger tickets and stay for no more than 24 hours in China entirely within airport boundaries. Anyone desiring to leave the airport temporarily must obtain permission from the frontier inspection office.
Article 7When applying for various kinds of visas, aliens shall present validpassports and, if necessary, provide pertinent evidence.
Article 8Aliens who have been invited or hired to work in China shall, whenapplying for visas, produce evidence of the invitation or employment.
Article 9Aliens desiring to reside permanently in China shall, when applying forvisas, present status-of-residence identification forms. Applicants mayobtain such forms from public security organs at the place where theyintend to reside
Article 10The competent authorities of the Chinese Government shall issueappropriate visas to aliens according to the purposes stated in theirentry applications
Article 11When an aircraft or a vessel navigating international routes arrives at a Chinese port, the captain or his agent must submit a passenger name list to the frontier inspection office; a foreign aircraft or vessel must also provide a name list of its crew members.
Article 12Aliens who are considered a possible threat to China's state security and public order shall not be permitted to enter China.
Chapter III Residence
Article 13For residence in China, aliens must possess identification papers orresidence certificates issued by the competent authorizes of the Chinese Government. The term of validity of identification papers or residence certificates shall be determined according to the purposes of entry. Aliens residing in China shall submit their certificates to the local public security organs for examination within the prescribed period of time.
Article 14Aliens who, in compliance with Chinese laws, find it necessary toestablish prolonged residence in China for the purpose of investing inChina or engaging in cooperative projects with Chinese enterprises orinstitutions in the economic, scientific, technological and culturalfields, or for other purposes, are eligible for prolonged or permanentresidence in China upon approval by the competent authorities of theChinese Government
Article 15Aliens who seek asylum for political reasons shall be permitted to reside in China upon approval by the competent authorities of the Chinese Government.
Article 16Aliens who fail to abide by Chinese laws may have their period of stay in China curtailed or their status of residence in China annulled by the competent authorities of the Chinese Government.
Article 17For a temporary overnight stay in China, aliens shall completeregistration procedures pursuant to the relevant provisions
Article 18Aliens holding residence certificates who wish to change their place ofresidence in China must complete removal formalities pursuant to therelevant provisions
Article 19Aliens who have not acquired residence certificates or who are on a study programme in China may not seek employment in China without permission of the competent authorities of the Chinese Government.
Chapter IV Travel
Article 20Aliens who hold valid visas or residence certificates may travel to places open to aliens as designated by the Chinese Government
Article 21Aliens desiring to travel to places closed to aliens must apply to local public security organs for travel permits
Chapter V Exit from the Country
Article 22For exit from China, aliens shall present their valid passports or other valid certificates.
Article 23Aliens belonging to any of the following categories shall not be allowed to leave China:(1) defendants in criminal cases or criminal suspects confirmed by apublic security organ, a people's procuratorate or a people's court;(2) persons who, as notified by a people's court, shall be denied exitowing to involvement in unresolved civil cases; and(3) persons who have committed other acts in violation of Chinese law who have not been dealt with and against whom the competent authoritiesconsider it necessary to institute prosecution.
Article 24Frontier inspection offices shall have the power to stop aliens belonging to any of the following categories from leaving the country and to deal with them according to law:(1) holders of invalid exit certificates;(2) holders of exit certificates other than their own; and(3) holders of forged or altered exit certificates.
Chapter VI Administrative Organs
Article 25China's diplomatic missions, consular offices and other resident agencies abroad authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall be the Chinese Government's agencies abroad to handle aliens' applications for entry and transit.The Ministry of Public Security, its authorized local public securityorgans, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its authorized local foreign affairs departments shall be the Chinese Government's agencies in China to handle aliens' applications for entry, transit, residence and travel.
Article 26The authorities handling aliens' applications for entry, transit,residence and travel shall have the power to refuse to issue visas andcertificates or to cancel visas and certificates already issued or declare them invalid.The Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs may,when necessary, alter decisions made by their respectively authorized agencies.
Article 27An alien who enters or resides in China illegally may be detained forexamination or be subjected to residential surveillance or deportation by a public security organ at or above the county level.
Article 28While performing their duties, foreign affairs police of the publicsecurity organs at or above the county level shall have the power toexamine the passports and other certificates of aliens. When conductingsuch examinations, the foreign affairs police shall produce their ownservice certificates, and relevant organizations or individuals shall have the duty to offer them assistance.
Chapter VII Penalties
Article 29If a person, in violation of the provisions of this Law, enters or leaves China illegally, establishes illegal residence or makes an illegal stopover in China, travels to places closed to aliens without a valid travel document, forges or alters an entry or exit certificate, uses another person's certificate as his own or transfers his certificate, he may be penalized by a public security organ at or above the county level with a warning, a fine or detention for not more than ten days. If the circumstances of the case are serious enough to constitute a crime,criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the law.If an alien subject to a fine or detention by a public security organrefuses to accept the penalty, he may, within 15 days of receivingnotification, appeal to the public security organ at the next higherlevel, which shall make the final decision; he may also directly file suit in the local people's court
Article 30In cases where a person commits any of the acts stated in Article 29 ofthis Law, if the circumstances are serious, the Ministry of PublicSecurity may impose a penalty by ordering him to leave the country within a certain time or may expel him from the country.
Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 31For the purposes of this Law the term "alien" means any person not holding Chinese nationality according to the Nationality Law of the People'sRepublic of China.
Article 32Transistory entry into and exit from China by aliens who are nationals of a country adjacent to China and who reside in areas bordering on China shall be handled according to any relevant agreements between the two countries or, in the absence of such agreements, according to the relevant provisions of the Chinese Government.
Article 33The Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall,pursuant to this Law, formulate rules for its implementation, which shall go into effect after being submitted to and approved by the State Council.
Article 34Affairs concerning members of foreign diplomatic missions and consularoffices in the People's Republic of China and other aliens who enjoydiplomatic privileges and immunities, after their entry into China, shall be administered in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State Council and its competent departments.
Article 35This Law shall go into effect on February 1, 1986
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2008年12月24日星期三
working visa in china
BEFORE LEAVING YOUR COUNTRY
Before leaving your country, you need to apply for and obtain a visa, which when added to your passport will allow you entrance into China.
To work legally in China, you need the following: *Z-visa (aka working visa) *Foreign Expert/Work Certificate *Residence permit
The other three types of visas are the tourist (L) visa, the business (F) visa, and the student (X) visa.
Z-VISA
The Z-visa allows you to come into China with the intention to work. It is a single-entry visa that is valid for 30 days after arriving in China.
In order to be approved for a Z-visa, you will need the following: * Letter of invitation from your employer *Work permit that your employer obtains on your behalf *Medical check (in some cases)
China only issues Z-visas to those they consider to be experts in a particular field. For example, being a native English speaker allows one to teach English in China. Having a Master's Degree, quantifiable work experience, or professional accreditation also qualifies you for a Z-visa.
To teach English in China, you must have the following to obtain a Z-visa: *A university degree *Professional work experience *A teaching English as a foreign language certificate (TEFL)
AFTER ARRIVAL
1. Register with the Public Security Bureau (PSB) After arriving in China, within 48 hours, you need to register with the Public Security Bureau (PSB).
2. Medical Examination Next, you need to pass a medical examination. It is non-invasive, and must be completed within a month of your arrival in China.
3. Foreign Expert/Work Certificate Approximately a week after receiving the medical report, the Foreign Expert/Work Certificate, or Red Book, can be issued.
4. Interview with PSB In some cities, you could also be called in for an interview with the PSB.
5. Residence permit Finally, your employer can obtain your residence permit for you. Obtaining this is imperative in order to work legally in China.
GENERAL INFORMATION
In China, the visa process is decentralized, which means that depending on where you live and what sort of license your employer has, your visa procedure may vary. There are city specific, district specific, and license specific regulations.
In most cases, to extend a Z-visa requires you to return to your original country. This means if you are currently in China on a different visa, you need to return and apply for a new visa in your original country before starting work in China. Some employers will provide airfare compensation.
WHY DO WE NEED TO KNOW THIS?
To work abroad in any country requires an official work visa in order to enter. China also requires a visa if foreigners plans to visit for tourism or leisure. Without the correct documentation, you will be denied entry. If you do not complete the full visa process or work without a working, or Z-visa, you and your employer will both be fined upwards of 50,000 RMB, and you will be deported. From the moment you enter the country, your identification information will be registered into a national database and tracked. Thus, it is highly recommended that you are familiar with all the visa requirements, although they are subject to change regularly without notice.
If you want to look for teaching jobs in china freely,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
Before leaving your country, you need to apply for and obtain a visa, which when added to your passport will allow you entrance into China.
To work legally in China, you need the following: *Z-visa (aka working visa) *Foreign Expert/Work Certificate *Residence permit
The other three types of visas are the tourist (L) visa, the business (F) visa, and the student (X) visa.
Z-VISA
The Z-visa allows you to come into China with the intention to work. It is a single-entry visa that is valid for 30 days after arriving in China.
In order to be approved for a Z-visa, you will need the following: * Letter of invitation from your employer *Work permit that your employer obtains on your behalf *Medical check (in some cases)
China only issues Z-visas to those they consider to be experts in a particular field. For example, being a native English speaker allows one to teach English in China. Having a Master's Degree, quantifiable work experience, or professional accreditation also qualifies you for a Z-visa.
To teach English in China, you must have the following to obtain a Z-visa: *A university degree *Professional work experience *A teaching English as a foreign language certificate (TEFL)
AFTER ARRIVAL
1. Register with the Public Security Bureau (PSB) After arriving in China, within 48 hours, you need to register with the Public Security Bureau (PSB).
2. Medical Examination Next, you need to pass a medical examination. It is non-invasive, and must be completed within a month of your arrival in China.
3. Foreign Expert/Work Certificate Approximately a week after receiving the medical report, the Foreign Expert/Work Certificate, or Red Book, can be issued.
4. Interview with PSB In some cities, you could also be called in for an interview with the PSB.
5. Residence permit Finally, your employer can obtain your residence permit for you. Obtaining this is imperative in order to work legally in China.
GENERAL INFORMATION
In China, the visa process is decentralized, which means that depending on where you live and what sort of license your employer has, your visa procedure may vary. There are city specific, district specific, and license specific regulations.
In most cases, to extend a Z-visa requires you to return to your original country. This means if you are currently in China on a different visa, you need to return and apply for a new visa in your original country before starting work in China. Some employers will provide airfare compensation.
WHY DO WE NEED TO KNOW THIS?
To work abroad in any country requires an official work visa in order to enter. China also requires a visa if foreigners plans to visit for tourism or leisure. Without the correct documentation, you will be denied entry. If you do not complete the full visa process or work without a working, or Z-visa, you and your employer will both be fined upwards of 50,000 RMB, and you will be deported. From the moment you enter the country, your identification information will be registered into a national database and tracked. Thus, it is highly recommended that you are familiar with all the visa requirements, although they are subject to change regularly without notice.
If you want to look for teaching jobs in china freely,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
2008年12月23日星期二
What is the fundamental principles of Law on the Entry of Aliens of the peoples Republic of China?
Law on the Entry and Exit of Aliens of the People??s Republic of China (referred as the Aliens Law in the following) was adopted on the Thirteenth Meeting of the Sixth Session of the Standing Committee of National People??s Congress and took effect from February 1,1986.THE Basic principles of the Aliens Law are: To protect the opening policy of our country, facilitate the international exchange, promote the construction of socialism modernization and protect the legitimate rights and interests of aliens.
What are the regulations on the entry, pass and residence of aliens?
The Aliens Law stipulates that any entry into China, pass through China or residence in Chinese government. The term of the visa-exemption agreement apply to the citizens from those countries that have signed such agreement with Chinese movement. Aliens that stay in China for no more than 24 hours without exit from the airport may be exempted from visa.
How could the foreign experts apply for their entry visas?
The foreign experts may apply for visas to the Chinese diplomatic representative organization, consulate or other overseas organizations authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
How many types of visas are offered in China?
After examining the application of aliens, the authority in charge of visa shall grant corresponding visas to those who meet the requirement according to the application causes. Chinese government issues four types of visas: visa of diplomacy, visa of courtesy, visa of official matters and ordinary visas. General aliens obtain ordinary visas when they co me to China.
In favor of the administration, ordinary visas are divided into seven types and each is marked with a capital letter.
(1) Visa D is issued to those who come to China for permanent residence.
(2) Visa Z is issued to those who come to China to work in China and their accompanying family members.
(3) Visa X is issued to those who come to China to China to study or practice as interns for more than six months.
(4) Visa F is issued to those who come to China to visit, teach, do business, or for cultural, scientific or technological exchanges for less than six months.
(5) Visa L is issued to those who come to China to travel, visit friends and relatives or to deal with some private matters.
(6) Visa G is issued to those who need a stopover in China.
(7) Visa C is issued to the crews of airplanes, trains and ships who are on regular visits to China. Their accompanying family members are issued with the same type of visa.
(8) Visa J-1 is delivered to foreign resident journalists in China, and Visa J-2 to foreign journalists who come to China to gather news.
According to the above regulations, foreign experts who come to China for long-term service should apply for Visa Z on their entry. Those who are invited to visit, teach or participate in the exchange of science, technology and culture and stay in China for a short term should apply for Visa F on entry.
How to apply for Visa Z for the foreign experts who enter China for work?
According to the regulations, foreign experts, who plan to work in China for more than 6 months, should present their invitation letters, valid passports and certificates, and Confirmation for Invitation of Foreign Experts (original file )to Chinese diplomatic representative organization, consulate or other overseas organizations entrusted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for application of Visa Z.
What certifications shall be provided when applying for visa ?
To present the valid passport or other certificate(s) that can be used in place of a passport, to fill in a visa application form, and hand in recent frontal hatless half-length photos; to present documents of certification pertaining to the purposes for entry or the invitation letter from the host institution or the certificate-issuing authority; those who come to China for residence of one year or more shall produce health certificates including AIDS serum examination report issued by health departments designated by health departments designated by the governments of the countries the applicants reside in, the health certificates shall remain valid within a period of six months as of the date of issue.
What is the employment term under which foreign expert working in china must present the health certificate?
Article 5of the Provisions for the Monitoring and Control of AIDS approved by the State Council on December 26, 1987,and promulgated jointly by the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Education, the National Tourism Administration, the Civil Aviation Administration of china and the State administration of Foreign Expert Affairs stipulates that: when applying for entry visa, any foreigner who plans to settle down in china or stay (or study )in china for one year or longer is required to produce the AIDS Serological Examination Certificate issued by a public hospital or by a private hospital notarized by the notary office in the country of origin and the certificate must be authenticated by the Chinese Embassy or consulate in that country. The certificate shall remain valid for six months as of the date of issue.
Among the foreign experts and workers working in china, except those who work in journalism or publication areas with working term of 1 year, most of them in the colleges work for 1 school year, but they used to travel or stay for some time in china after the expiration of the contract. However, the visa term is usually 1year. Therefore, the invited foreign experts, the foreign workers and their family members shall present the health certificate including the AIDS Serological Examination.
How to handle the concrete procedures on the health certificate that the foreign experts are required to present?
The host institution may acquire the Health Examination Record of Aliens and Notice on the Sanitation and Quarantine for Entry uniformly printed by the Ministry of Public Health from the local sanitation and quarantine authority and send them to the foreign experts and foreign workers before they come to china. Alternatively, the institution may notify the invited persons to acquire them from Chinese overseas diplomatic missions or consular offices. Whatefer the way is, the host institution must remind the invited persons to perform the health examination as required. The hospital shall fill in the Health Examination Record of Aliens with two copies, one sent to the host institution, the other presented to Chinese overseas diplomatic missions or consular offices for notarization when handling the visa for entry and carried at the time of entry. After entry, the host institution shall present the Health Examination Record of Aliens of the invited persons to the local sanitation and quarantine authority for notarization. The sanitation and quarantine authority is responsible for the grant of Validation Certificate of Health Examination Record of Aliens and the public security organ issues the residence permit to alien according to the Validation Certificate.
What to do in case the foreign experts fail to undergo the AIDS Serological Examination for lack of necessary conditions before coming to china?
The Provisions for the Monitoring and Control of AIDS points out that: foreign nationals who fail to undergo AIDS serological examination in their home countries for lack of necessary conditions, must go to a designated professional health organ for the examination within 20 days after entry
If you want to look for teaching jobs in china freely,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
Law on the Entry and Exit of Aliens of the People??s Republic of China (referred as the Aliens Law in the following) was adopted on the Thirteenth Meeting of the Sixth Session of the Standing Committee of National People??s Congress and took effect from February 1,1986.THE Basic principles of the Aliens Law are: To protect the opening policy of our country, facilitate the international exchange, promote the construction of socialism modernization and protect the legitimate rights and interests of aliens.
What are the regulations on the entry, pass and residence of aliens?
The Aliens Law stipulates that any entry into China, pass through China or residence in Chinese government. The term of the visa-exemption agreement apply to the citizens from those countries that have signed such agreement with Chinese movement. Aliens that stay in China for no more than 24 hours without exit from the airport may be exempted from visa.
How could the foreign experts apply for their entry visas?
The foreign experts may apply for visas to the Chinese diplomatic representative organization, consulate or other overseas organizations authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
How many types of visas are offered in China?
After examining the application of aliens, the authority in charge of visa shall grant corresponding visas to those who meet the requirement according to the application causes. Chinese government issues four types of visas: visa of diplomacy, visa of courtesy, visa of official matters and ordinary visas. General aliens obtain ordinary visas when they co me to China.
In favor of the administration, ordinary visas are divided into seven types and each is marked with a capital letter.
(1) Visa D is issued to those who come to China for permanent residence.
(2) Visa Z is issued to those who come to China to work in China and their accompanying family members.
(3) Visa X is issued to those who come to China to China to study or practice as interns for more than six months.
(4) Visa F is issued to those who come to China to visit, teach, do business, or for cultural, scientific or technological exchanges for less than six months.
(5) Visa L is issued to those who come to China to travel, visit friends and relatives or to deal with some private matters.
(6) Visa G is issued to those who need a stopover in China.
(7) Visa C is issued to the crews of airplanes, trains and ships who are on regular visits to China. Their accompanying family members are issued with the same type of visa.
(8) Visa J-1 is delivered to foreign resident journalists in China, and Visa J-2 to foreign journalists who come to China to gather news.
According to the above regulations, foreign experts who come to China for long-term service should apply for Visa Z on their entry. Those who are invited to visit, teach or participate in the exchange of science, technology and culture and stay in China for a short term should apply for Visa F on entry.
How to apply for Visa Z for the foreign experts who enter China for work?
According to the regulations, foreign experts, who plan to work in China for more than 6 months, should present their invitation letters, valid passports and certificates, and Confirmation for Invitation of Foreign Experts (original file )to Chinese diplomatic representative organization, consulate or other overseas organizations entrusted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for application of Visa Z.
What certifications shall be provided when applying for visa ?
To present the valid passport or other certificate(s) that can be used in place of a passport, to fill in a visa application form, and hand in recent frontal hatless half-length photos; to present documents of certification pertaining to the purposes for entry or the invitation letter from the host institution or the certificate-issuing authority; those who come to China for residence of one year or more shall produce health certificates including AIDS serum examination report issued by health departments designated by health departments designated by the governments of the countries the applicants reside in, the health certificates shall remain valid within a period of six months as of the date of issue.
What is the employment term under which foreign expert working in china must present the health certificate?
Article 5of the Provisions for the Monitoring and Control of AIDS approved by the State Council on December 26, 1987,and promulgated jointly by the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Education, the National Tourism Administration, the Civil Aviation Administration of china and the State administration of Foreign Expert Affairs stipulates that: when applying for entry visa, any foreigner who plans to settle down in china or stay (or study )in china for one year or longer is required to produce the AIDS Serological Examination Certificate issued by a public hospital or by a private hospital notarized by the notary office in the country of origin and the certificate must be authenticated by the Chinese Embassy or consulate in that country. The certificate shall remain valid for six months as of the date of issue.
Among the foreign experts and workers working in china, except those who work in journalism or publication areas with working term of 1 year, most of them in the colleges work for 1 school year, but they used to travel or stay for some time in china after the expiration of the contract. However, the visa term is usually 1year. Therefore, the invited foreign experts, the foreign workers and their family members shall present the health certificate including the AIDS Serological Examination.
How to handle the concrete procedures on the health certificate that the foreign experts are required to present?
The host institution may acquire the Health Examination Record of Aliens and Notice on the Sanitation and Quarantine for Entry uniformly printed by the Ministry of Public Health from the local sanitation and quarantine authority and send them to the foreign experts and foreign workers before they come to china. Alternatively, the institution may notify the invited persons to acquire them from Chinese overseas diplomatic missions or consular offices. Whatefer the way is, the host institution must remind the invited persons to perform the health examination as required. The hospital shall fill in the Health Examination Record of Aliens with two copies, one sent to the host institution, the other presented to Chinese overseas diplomatic missions or consular offices for notarization when handling the visa for entry and carried at the time of entry. After entry, the host institution shall present the Health Examination Record of Aliens of the invited persons to the local sanitation and quarantine authority for notarization. The sanitation and quarantine authority is responsible for the grant of Validation Certificate of Health Examination Record of Aliens and the public security organ issues the residence permit to alien according to the Validation Certificate.
What to do in case the foreign experts fail to undergo the AIDS Serological Examination for lack of necessary conditions before coming to china?
The Provisions for the Monitoring and Control of AIDS points out that: foreign nationals who fail to undergo AIDS serological examination in their home countries for lack of necessary conditions, must go to a designated professional health organ for the examination within 20 days after entry
If you want to look for teaching jobs in china freely,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
2008年12月21日星期日
Introductions of Beautiful cities in China
Capital BeijingBeijing thrives today as the political and cultural capital of China as well as a center of international activity and an important socialist base. Great changes have taken place since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The city walls were demolished to facilitate transportation and allow for general expansion. By 2001, the population exceeded 12.5 million, and the total municipal area was increased to over 17,800 square kilometers. The city is presently divided into 16 districts: Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chongwen, Xuanwu, Chaoyang, Haidian, Shijingshan, Fengtai, Shunyi, Changping, Mentougou, Tongzhou, Fangshan, Daxing, Huairou and Pinggu. In addition to these urban districts, the municipality is comprised of two counties: Miyun and Yanqing. Plans for future development retain the symmetrical layout of the old city on its north-south axis, extending out into the suburban districts. From Dingfuzhuang in the east to Shijingshan in the west and from Qinghe in the north to Nanyuan in the south, the overall plan covers an area of 1,000 square kilometers. A traffic network of four concentric beltways, 28 radial roads, and underground and suburban railways are being further developed to link the city center with outlying areas and surrounding towns. With Tian'anmen at the center, offices along 38-kilometer-long Chang'an Boulevard will concentrate on state, political and economic affairs. The areas around the Palace Museum (Imperial Palace or Forbidden City) and city gates as well as the lakes -- Zhongnanhai, Beihai and Housanhai -- have been designated landmark districts. And with a look to the future, an increasing number of historical, cultural and revolutionary sites are being renovated and opened to the public.
Modern ShanghaiShanghai, Hu for short, is situated on the estuary of Yangtze River of China. It is the largest industrial city in China. Covering an area of 5,800 square kilometers (2,239 square miles), Shanghai has a population of 18.7 million, including 2 million floating population. Originally, Shanghai was a seaside fishing village and in time its gradual development led to it being granted County status on August 19th, 1291 during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). Hence this day became the anniversary of the founding of Shanghai. Today's Shanghai is a multi-cultural metropolis with both modern and traditional Chinese features. Bubbling Shanghai shows off every aspect of her unique glamour.
Shanghai is China's biggest city, largest port and one of the world's vital financial centers. It was also one of the first ports opened to foreign trade. Rising from a fishing village, Shanghai is one of the four municipalities directly under the central government. Aside from Pudong New District, Shanghai has jurisdiction over 13 districts and six suburban counties. The total area of Shanghai is 6340 square kilometers. Shanghai sits in a sub-tropical monsoon climate, with moderate temperatures and humidity and adequate sunshine. Rainfall is abundant and the seasons are distinct. The average temperature of Shanghai is 15.4 degrees Celsius, with the high averaging 27.4 degrees in July-August and the low 3-5 degrees below zero in January. Shanghai is a city with a long history. In the long-term development, it has formed its own unique city scene and varied cultures and arts. Up to now, a lot of cultural relics beginning in the Tang (618-917) and Song (960-1279) Dynasties, many museums and contemporary memorial halls are well preserved. There are a lot of tourist centers in urban districts and suburbs of Shanghai, which form many tourist areas, tourist lines and special-interest tourist items.
Paradise HangzhouHangzhou is one of the important tourism cities in China, famous for its natural beauty and historical and cultural heritages. Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang province. It is the political, economic and cultural center of the province as well. It is one of the 15 vice-provincial level cities in China. Hangzhou is located on the low reaches of Qiantang river in southeast China, with a distance of 180 kilometers to Shanghai. It is one of the key cities in the Yangzi Delta area. Hangzhou is of subtropical monsoon climate, with distinctive four seasons and mild atmosphere and favorable geographical positions and natural conditions. Hangzhou has 6 districts, 2 counties and 5 county-level municipalities under its jurisdiction. Hangzhou covers a total area of 16596 square kilometers, with a population of 6.08 million, including 683 square kilometers of city proper area and city population of 1.69 million people . Hangzhou is one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. The human being had lived and prospered in this land 4700 years ago, which is called "Liangzhu Culture". Hangzhou had once been the capitals of Wu and Yue kingdoms of Five Dynasties during the 10th Century and capital of Southern Song Dynasty during the 12-13th Century. It is one of the seven ancient Chinese capitals, famous for its historical and cultural heritages. The city has a history of more than 2200 years since it was established as a county by the First Emperor Qing.
The West Lake is undoubtedly the most renowned feature of Hangzhou, noted for the scenic beauty that blends naturally with many famous historical and cultural sites. In this scenic area, Solitary Hill, the Mausoleum of General Yue Fei, the Six Harmonies Pagoda and the Ling Yin Temple are probably the most frequently visited attractions. The "Ten West Lake Prospects" have been specially selected to give the visitor outstanding views of the lake, mountains and monuments.
Historic Xi’an
Xi'an, the historical city, was called Chang'an in ancient times, and is now the capital of Shaanxi province. Xi'an is situated in the center of Weihe Plain with the towering and verdant Mt. Qinling in the south, with the meandering and rolling Beishan mountain system in the north and eight rivers around it, all of which are at Guang Zhong Plain (the center of passes). Historically, it was famous for being called "a gold city stretching a thousand li" with its fertile soil, mild climate, adequate rainfall and rich products. Xi'an has a long history. Since the earliest societies, humanity lived and multiplied here. It served as a capital for twelve dynasties, including the Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Sui and Tang dynasties, spanning over 1120 years. It became the oriental cultural center of the Silk Road.
Xian is the most important city in northwest China, and so there are a lot of shopping outlets for locals and tourists alike. There are many big shopping centers, department stores and supermarkets in and around Xian city - the biggest and most comprehensive being Kai Yuan Shopping Mall and Century Ginwa Shopping Mall. The night life in Xian has a unique glamour. Traditional ways include enjoying the night scenery around the Bell Tower, taking part in a Tang Dynasty Dinner Show, strolling on the ancient Big Wild Goose Pagoda Square and watching the music fountain performance. More modern and fashionable ways include singing in the KTV, hanging out in a bar, or dancing in a Disco. All in all, any experience in this ancient city will bring you fun and possibly a little surprise! Xian is the capital of Shaanxi province, located in the southern part of the Guanzhong Plain. With the Qinling Mountains to the south and the Weihe River to the north, it is in a favorable geographical location surrounded by water and hills. It has a semi-moist monsoon climate and there is a clear distinction between the four seasons. Except the colder winter, any season is relatively suitable for traveling
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2008年12月17日星期三
The Terra Cotta Warriors
Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum
Emperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.
In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.
After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.
Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”
Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.
Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was
In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.
The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background. They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation. According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.
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Chinese people
China is a unified nation consisting of many different ethnic groups. Fifty-six different ethnic groups make up the great Chinese national family. Because the Han people accounts for more than ninety percent of China's population, the remaining fifty-five groups are generally referred to as "ethnic minorities." Next to the majority Han, the Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, and Uygur peoples comprise the largest ethnic groups. Although China's ethnic minorities do not account for a large portion of the population, they are distributed over a vast area, residing in every corner of China.
Particularly since the implementation of China's opening and reform policy, the central government has increased investment in minority areas and accelerated their opening to the outside world. This has resulted in an upsurge of economic development in these areas. Each of China's ethnic minority groups possesses a distinctive culture. The Chinese government respects minority customs, and works to preserve, study, and collate the cultural artifacts of China's ethnic minority groups. The government vigorously supports the development of minority culture and the training of minority cultural workers, and fosters the development of traditional minority medicine.
The relation among China's ethnic groups can be described as "overall integration, local concentration, mutual interaction." Concentrations of ethnic minorities reside within predominantly Han areas, and the Han people also reside in minority areas, indicating that there has been extensive exchanges among China's ethnic groups since ancient times. With the development of the market economy, interaction among ethnic groups has become even more active in the areas of government, economics, culture, daily life, and marriage. Linked by interdependence, mutual assistance, and joint development, their common goals and interests creating a deep sense of solidarity, China's ethnic groups resemble a great national family, together building Chinese civilization.
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Particularly since the implementation of China's opening and reform policy, the central government has increased investment in minority areas and accelerated their opening to the outside world. This has resulted in an upsurge of economic development in these areas. Each of China's ethnic minority groups possesses a distinctive culture. The Chinese government respects minority customs, and works to preserve, study, and collate the cultural artifacts of China's ethnic minority groups. The government vigorously supports the development of minority culture and the training of minority cultural workers, and fosters the development of traditional minority medicine.
The relation among China's ethnic groups can be described as "overall integration, local concentration, mutual interaction." Concentrations of ethnic minorities reside within predominantly Han areas, and the Han people also reside in minority areas, indicating that there has been extensive exchanges among China's ethnic groups since ancient times. With the development of the market economy, interaction among ethnic groups has become even more active in the areas of government, economics, culture, daily life, and marriage. Linked by interdependence, mutual assistance, and joint development, their common goals and interests creating a deep sense of solidarity, China's ethnic groups resemble a great national family, together building Chinese civilization.
If you want to look for teaching jobs in china freely,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
Chinese media
The Chinese Constitution guarantees citizens' freedom of speech and information. With economic development, the media tends to become more diversified. According to statistics, there are over 2,000 newspapers, over 8,000 magazines, 311 radio stations and 358 TV stations in China. By the end of 2001, there were 770 medium- and short-wave radio transmitting and relay stations, and 88.03 million households with access to cable television, covering 92.9 and 94.1 percent of the population, respectively. Radio and TV now extend their reach through multiple transmission, including satellites, and wireless and wired systems.
China has two news agencies -- Xinhua (New China) News Agency and China News Service. Xinhua is the nation's official news agency, with its head office in Beijing. Its major task is to collect and distribute important news and information concerning politics, economy and culture in both China and the rest of the world. Xinhua News Agency has become one of the major international news agencies in the world, with over 100 branch offices in the Asian-Pacific region, the Middle East, Latin America, Africa and other regions. It has signed contracts with over 80 foreign news agencies and political comment and news departments for exchanging news and news photos.
With its head office also in Beijing, China News Service mainly supplies news to overseas Chinese, foreign citizens of Chinese origin, and compatriots in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan.
From 1950 to 2000, the number of newspapers increased by approximately 11 times, which enabled China to rank among the world's most advanced countries in this respect. Aiming at various groups of readers, the formats of newspapers are becoming more and more rich and colorful, including daily, evening, morning, noon and weekly newspapers. Farmers, workers, enterprises and professional people are all catered for. Of these newspapers, some focus on transmitting economic, scientific and technological information, and some aim at satisfying cultural and entertainment needs. Special newspapers offering various types of information and advertisements have appeared in great numbers, some of them being free of charge. This is a new phenomenon in recent years.
The Central People's Broadcasting Station (CPBS), the nation's official radio station, has seven channels, and broadcasts for a total of over 100 hours per day. Every province, autonomous region and municipality have local broadcasting stations, which relay some programs from the CPBS and programs with local characteristics. The programs of China Radio International (CRI) are now beamed to all parts of the world in 38 foreign languages, standard Chinese and four Chinese dialects. Besides news programs, there are over 400 special programs. Currently, CRI ranks third in overseas broadcasting time and languages in the world.
China's television industry entered a golden age, beginning in the 1980s. Thereafter, for approximately 10 years the television viewing population increased by 61 million every year. China Central Television (CCTV) is the largest and most powerful national television station. At present, CCTV has established business relations with more than 250 television organizations in over 130 countries and regions.
CCTV and more than 3,000 other television stations nationwide in various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and the cities, districts and counties under their jurisdictions, as well as the satellite and ground network systems constitute the largest television network in the world. Besides appraisal and giving awards, the annual Shanghai Television Festival also conducts academic television exchanges and the import and export of television programs, and holds international exhibitions and technology exchanges. Shanghai has become the largest television program trading market in Asia.
Since the mid-1990s, a "fourth medium" -- internet news medium industry -- has been in operation, which depends on traditional media while being different from them. Quite a number of famous websites have taken shape, which operate according to the process of regular news media and are able to create strong public opinion rapidly on the Internet with their news reports. Some large-scale traditional media are constantly reconstructing their websites to adjust themselves to the operation law of the "fourth medium." Over 700 traditional media countrywide have set up their websites with independent domain names. Experts predict that, in the 10 to 20 years to come, the influence of the "fourth medium" may become greater than that of periodicals, radio and TV. It is estimated that, by 2005, there will be as many as 40 million computers in China connected to the Internet, and 200 million users of data, multi-media and the Internet, with about 15 percent of the population having access to the internet.
If you want to look for teaching jobs in china freely,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
China has two news agencies -- Xinhua (New China) News Agency and China News Service. Xinhua is the nation's official news agency, with its head office in Beijing. Its major task is to collect and distribute important news and information concerning politics, economy and culture in both China and the rest of the world. Xinhua News Agency has become one of the major international news agencies in the world, with over 100 branch offices in the Asian-Pacific region, the Middle East, Latin America, Africa and other regions. It has signed contracts with over 80 foreign news agencies and political comment and news departments for exchanging news and news photos.
With its head office also in Beijing, China News Service mainly supplies news to overseas Chinese, foreign citizens of Chinese origin, and compatriots in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan.
From 1950 to 2000, the number of newspapers increased by approximately 11 times, which enabled China to rank among the world's most advanced countries in this respect. Aiming at various groups of readers, the formats of newspapers are becoming more and more rich and colorful, including daily, evening, morning, noon and weekly newspapers. Farmers, workers, enterprises and professional people are all catered for. Of these newspapers, some focus on transmitting economic, scientific and technological information, and some aim at satisfying cultural and entertainment needs. Special newspapers offering various types of information and advertisements have appeared in great numbers, some of them being free of charge. This is a new phenomenon in recent years.
The Central People's Broadcasting Station (CPBS), the nation's official radio station, has seven channels, and broadcasts for a total of over 100 hours per day. Every province, autonomous region and municipality have local broadcasting stations, which relay some programs from the CPBS and programs with local characteristics. The programs of China Radio International (CRI) are now beamed to all parts of the world in 38 foreign languages, standard Chinese and four Chinese dialects. Besides news programs, there are over 400 special programs. Currently, CRI ranks third in overseas broadcasting time and languages in the world.
China's television industry entered a golden age, beginning in the 1980s. Thereafter, for approximately 10 years the television viewing population increased by 61 million every year. China Central Television (CCTV) is the largest and most powerful national television station. At present, CCTV has established business relations with more than 250 television organizations in over 130 countries and regions.
CCTV and more than 3,000 other television stations nationwide in various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and the cities, districts and counties under their jurisdictions, as well as the satellite and ground network systems constitute the largest television network in the world. Besides appraisal and giving awards, the annual Shanghai Television Festival also conducts academic television exchanges and the import and export of television programs, and holds international exhibitions and technology exchanges. Shanghai has become the largest television program trading market in Asia.
Since the mid-1990s, a "fourth medium" -- internet news medium industry -- has been in operation, which depends on traditional media while being different from them. Quite a number of famous websites have taken shape, which operate according to the process of regular news media and are able to create strong public opinion rapidly on the Internet with their news reports. Some large-scale traditional media are constantly reconstructing their websites to adjust themselves to the operation law of the "fourth medium." Over 700 traditional media countrywide have set up their websites with independent domain names. Experts predict that, in the 10 to 20 years to come, the influence of the "fourth medium" may become greater than that of periodicals, radio and TV. It is estimated that, by 2005, there will be as many as 40 million computers in China connected to the Internet, and 200 million users of data, multi-media and the Internet, with about 15 percent of the population having access to the internet.
If you want to look for teaching jobs in china freely,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
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