LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON CONTROL OF THE ENTRY ANDEXIT OF ALIENS
(Adopted at the 13th Meeting of the Standing Committee of theSixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 31 of thePresident of the People's Republic of China on November 22, 1985, andeffective as of February 1, 1986)ContentsChapter I General ProvisionsChapter II Entry into the CountryChapter III ResidenceChapter IV TravelChapter V Exit from the CountryChapter VI Administrative OrgansChapter VII PenaltiesChapter VIII Supplementary ProvisionsChapter I General Provisions
Chapter I General
Article 1This Law is formulated with a view to safeguarding the sovereignty of the People's Republic of China, maintaining its security and public order and facilitating international exchange. This Law is applicable to aliens entering, leaving and transiting the territory of the People's Republic of China and to those residing and travelling in China
Article 2Aliens must obtain the permission of the competent authorities of theChinese Government in order to enter, transit or reside in China.
Article 3For entry, exit and transit, aliens must pass through ports open to aliens or other designated ports and must be subject to inspection by the frontier inspection offices. For entry, exit and transit, foreign-owned means of transport must pass through ports open to aliens or other designated ports and must be subject to inspection and supervision by the frontier inspection offices.
Article 4The Chinese Government shall protect the lawful rights and interests ofaliens on Chinese territory.Freedom of the person of aliens is inviolable. No alien may be arrested except with the approval or by decision of a people's procuratorate or by decision of a people's court, and arrest must be made by a public security organ or state security organ.
Article 5Aliens in China must abide by Chinese laws and may not endanger the state security of China, harm public interests or disrupt public order.
Chapter II Entry into the Country
Article 6For entry into China, aliens shall apply for visas from Chinese diplomatic missions, consular offices or other resident agencies abroad authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In specific situations aliens may, in compliance with the provisions of the State Council, apply for visas to visa-granting offices at ports designated by the competent authorities of the Chinese Government. The entry of nationals from countries having visa agreements with the Chinese Government shall be handled in accordance with those agreements. In cases where another country has special provisions for Chinese citizens entering and transiting that country, the competent authorities of theChinese Government may adopt reciprocal measures contingent on thecircumstances. Visas are not required for aliens in immediate transit on connected international flights who hold passenger tickets and stay for no more than 24 hours in China entirely within airport boundaries. Anyone desiring to leave the airport temporarily must obtain permission from the frontier inspection office.
Article 7When applying for various kinds of visas, aliens shall present validpassports and, if necessary, provide pertinent evidence.
Article 8Aliens who have been invited or hired to work in China shall, whenapplying for visas, produce evidence of the invitation or employment.
Article 9Aliens desiring to reside permanently in China shall, when applying forvisas, present status-of-residence identification forms. Applicants mayobtain such forms from public security organs at the place where theyintend to reside
Article 10The competent authorities of the Chinese Government shall issueappropriate visas to aliens according to the purposes stated in theirentry applications
Article 11When an aircraft or a vessel navigating international routes arrives at a Chinese port, the captain or his agent must submit a passenger name list to the frontier inspection office; a foreign aircraft or vessel must also provide a name list of its crew members.
Article 12Aliens who are considered a possible threat to China's state security and public order shall not be permitted to enter China.
Chapter III Residence
Article 13For residence in China, aliens must possess identification papers orresidence certificates issued by the competent authorizes of the Chinese Government. The term of validity of identification papers or residence certificates shall be determined according to the purposes of entry. Aliens residing in China shall submit their certificates to the local public security organs for examination within the prescribed period of time.
Article 14Aliens who, in compliance with Chinese laws, find it necessary toestablish prolonged residence in China for the purpose of investing inChina or engaging in cooperative projects with Chinese enterprises orinstitutions in the economic, scientific, technological and culturalfields, or for other purposes, are eligible for prolonged or permanentresidence in China upon approval by the competent authorities of theChinese Government
Article 15Aliens who seek asylum for political reasons shall be permitted to reside in China upon approval by the competent authorities of the Chinese Government.
Article 16Aliens who fail to abide by Chinese laws may have their period of stay in China curtailed or their status of residence in China annulled by the competent authorities of the Chinese Government.
Article 17For a temporary overnight stay in China, aliens shall completeregistration procedures pursuant to the relevant provisions
Article 18Aliens holding residence certificates who wish to change their place ofresidence in China must complete removal formalities pursuant to therelevant provisions
Article 19Aliens who have not acquired residence certificates or who are on a study programme in China may not seek employment in China without permission of the competent authorities of the Chinese Government.
Chapter IV Travel
Article 20Aliens who hold valid visas or residence certificates may travel to places open to aliens as designated by the Chinese Government
Article 21Aliens desiring to travel to places closed to aliens must apply to local public security organs for travel permits
Chapter V Exit from the Country
Article 22For exit from China, aliens shall present their valid passports or other valid certificates.
Article 23Aliens belonging to any of the following categories shall not be allowed to leave China:(1) defendants in criminal cases or criminal suspects confirmed by apublic security organ, a people's procuratorate or a people's court;(2) persons who, as notified by a people's court, shall be denied exitowing to involvement in unresolved civil cases; and(3) persons who have committed other acts in violation of Chinese law who have not been dealt with and against whom the competent authoritiesconsider it necessary to institute prosecution.
Article 24Frontier inspection offices shall have the power to stop aliens belonging to any of the following categories from leaving the country and to deal with them according to law:(1) holders of invalid exit certificates;(2) holders of exit certificates other than their own; and(3) holders of forged or altered exit certificates.
Chapter VI Administrative Organs
Article 25China's diplomatic missions, consular offices and other resident agencies abroad authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall be the Chinese Government's agencies abroad to handle aliens' applications for entry and transit.The Ministry of Public Security, its authorized local public securityorgans, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its authorized local foreign affairs departments shall be the Chinese Government's agencies in China to handle aliens' applications for entry, transit, residence and travel.
Article 26The authorities handling aliens' applications for entry, transit,residence and travel shall have the power to refuse to issue visas andcertificates or to cancel visas and certificates already issued or declare them invalid.The Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs may,when necessary, alter decisions made by their respectively authorized agencies.
Article 27An alien who enters or resides in China illegally may be detained forexamination or be subjected to residential surveillance or deportation by a public security organ at or above the county level.
Article 28While performing their duties, foreign affairs police of the publicsecurity organs at or above the county level shall have the power toexamine the passports and other certificates of aliens. When conductingsuch examinations, the foreign affairs police shall produce their ownservice certificates, and relevant organizations or individuals shall have the duty to offer them assistance.
Chapter VII Penalties
Article 29If a person, in violation of the provisions of this Law, enters or leaves China illegally, establishes illegal residence or makes an illegal stopover in China, travels to places closed to aliens without a valid travel document, forges or alters an entry or exit certificate, uses another person's certificate as his own or transfers his certificate, he may be penalized by a public security organ at or above the county level with a warning, a fine or detention for not more than ten days. If the circumstances of the case are serious enough to constitute a crime,criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the law.If an alien subject to a fine or detention by a public security organrefuses to accept the penalty, he may, within 15 days of receivingnotification, appeal to the public security organ at the next higherlevel, which shall make the final decision; he may also directly file suit in the local people's court
Article 30In cases where a person commits any of the acts stated in Article 29 ofthis Law, if the circumstances are serious, the Ministry of PublicSecurity may impose a penalty by ordering him to leave the country within a certain time or may expel him from the country.
Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 31For the purposes of this Law the term "alien" means any person not holding Chinese nationality according to the Nationality Law of the People'sRepublic of China.
Article 32Transistory entry into and exit from China by aliens who are nationals of a country adjacent to China and who reside in areas bordering on China shall be handled according to any relevant agreements between the two countries or, in the absence of such agreements, according to the relevant provisions of the Chinese Government.
Article 33The Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall,pursuant to this Law, formulate rules for its implementation, which shall go into effect after being submitted to and approved by the State Council.
Article 34Affairs concerning members of foreign diplomatic missions and consularoffices in the People's Republic of China and other aliens who enjoydiplomatic privileges and immunities, after their entry into China, shall be administered in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State Council and its competent departments.
Article 35This Law shall go into effect on February 1, 1986
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2008年12月24日星期三
working visa in china
BEFORE LEAVING YOUR COUNTRY
Before leaving your country, you need to apply for and obtain a visa, which when added to your passport will allow you entrance into China.
To work legally in China, you need the following: *Z-visa (aka working visa) *Foreign Expert/Work Certificate *Residence permit
The other three types of visas are the tourist (L) visa, the business (F) visa, and the student (X) visa.
Z-VISA
The Z-visa allows you to come into China with the intention to work. It is a single-entry visa that is valid for 30 days after arriving in China.
In order to be approved for a Z-visa, you will need the following: * Letter of invitation from your employer *Work permit that your employer obtains on your behalf *Medical check (in some cases)
China only issues Z-visas to those they consider to be experts in a particular field. For example, being a native English speaker allows one to teach English in China. Having a Master's Degree, quantifiable work experience, or professional accreditation also qualifies you for a Z-visa.
To teach English in China, you must have the following to obtain a Z-visa: *A university degree *Professional work experience *A teaching English as a foreign language certificate (TEFL)
AFTER ARRIVAL
1. Register with the Public Security Bureau (PSB) After arriving in China, within 48 hours, you need to register with the Public Security Bureau (PSB).
2. Medical Examination Next, you need to pass a medical examination. It is non-invasive, and must be completed within a month of your arrival in China.
3. Foreign Expert/Work Certificate Approximately a week after receiving the medical report, the Foreign Expert/Work Certificate, or Red Book, can be issued.
4. Interview with PSB In some cities, you could also be called in for an interview with the PSB.
5. Residence permit Finally, your employer can obtain your residence permit for you. Obtaining this is imperative in order to work legally in China.
GENERAL INFORMATION
In China, the visa process is decentralized, which means that depending on where you live and what sort of license your employer has, your visa procedure may vary. There are city specific, district specific, and license specific regulations.
In most cases, to extend a Z-visa requires you to return to your original country. This means if you are currently in China on a different visa, you need to return and apply for a new visa in your original country before starting work in China. Some employers will provide airfare compensation.
WHY DO WE NEED TO KNOW THIS?
To work abroad in any country requires an official work visa in order to enter. China also requires a visa if foreigners plans to visit for tourism or leisure. Without the correct documentation, you will be denied entry. If you do not complete the full visa process or work without a working, or Z-visa, you and your employer will both be fined upwards of 50,000 RMB, and you will be deported. From the moment you enter the country, your identification information will be registered into a national database and tracked. Thus, it is highly recommended that you are familiar with all the visa requirements, although they are subject to change regularly without notice.
If you want to look for teaching jobs in china freely,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
Before leaving your country, you need to apply for and obtain a visa, which when added to your passport will allow you entrance into China.
To work legally in China, you need the following: *Z-visa (aka working visa) *Foreign Expert/Work Certificate *Residence permit
The other three types of visas are the tourist (L) visa, the business (F) visa, and the student (X) visa.
Z-VISA
The Z-visa allows you to come into China with the intention to work. It is a single-entry visa that is valid for 30 days after arriving in China.
In order to be approved for a Z-visa, you will need the following: * Letter of invitation from your employer *Work permit that your employer obtains on your behalf *Medical check (in some cases)
China only issues Z-visas to those they consider to be experts in a particular field. For example, being a native English speaker allows one to teach English in China. Having a Master's Degree, quantifiable work experience, or professional accreditation also qualifies you for a Z-visa.
To teach English in China, you must have the following to obtain a Z-visa: *A university degree *Professional work experience *A teaching English as a foreign language certificate (TEFL)
AFTER ARRIVAL
1. Register with the Public Security Bureau (PSB) After arriving in China, within 48 hours, you need to register with the Public Security Bureau (PSB).
2. Medical Examination Next, you need to pass a medical examination. It is non-invasive, and must be completed within a month of your arrival in China.
3. Foreign Expert/Work Certificate Approximately a week after receiving the medical report, the Foreign Expert/Work Certificate, or Red Book, can be issued.
4. Interview with PSB In some cities, you could also be called in for an interview with the PSB.
5. Residence permit Finally, your employer can obtain your residence permit for you. Obtaining this is imperative in order to work legally in China.
GENERAL INFORMATION
In China, the visa process is decentralized, which means that depending on where you live and what sort of license your employer has, your visa procedure may vary. There are city specific, district specific, and license specific regulations.
In most cases, to extend a Z-visa requires you to return to your original country. This means if you are currently in China on a different visa, you need to return and apply for a new visa in your original country before starting work in China. Some employers will provide airfare compensation.
WHY DO WE NEED TO KNOW THIS?
To work abroad in any country requires an official work visa in order to enter. China also requires a visa if foreigners plans to visit for tourism or leisure. Without the correct documentation, you will be denied entry. If you do not complete the full visa process or work without a working, or Z-visa, you and your employer will both be fined upwards of 50,000 RMB, and you will be deported. From the moment you enter the country, your identification information will be registered into a national database and tracked. Thus, it is highly recommended that you are familiar with all the visa requirements, although they are subject to change regularly without notice.
If you want to look for teaching jobs in china freely,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
2008年12月23日星期二
What is the fundamental principles of Law on the Entry of Aliens of the peoples Republic of China?
Law on the Entry and Exit of Aliens of the People??s Republic of China (referred as the Aliens Law in the following) was adopted on the Thirteenth Meeting of the Sixth Session of the Standing Committee of National People??s Congress and took effect from February 1,1986.THE Basic principles of the Aliens Law are: To protect the opening policy of our country, facilitate the international exchange, promote the construction of socialism modernization and protect the legitimate rights and interests of aliens.
What are the regulations on the entry, pass and residence of aliens?
The Aliens Law stipulates that any entry into China, pass through China or residence in Chinese government. The term of the visa-exemption agreement apply to the citizens from those countries that have signed such agreement with Chinese movement. Aliens that stay in China for no more than 24 hours without exit from the airport may be exempted from visa.
How could the foreign experts apply for their entry visas?
The foreign experts may apply for visas to the Chinese diplomatic representative organization, consulate or other overseas organizations authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
How many types of visas are offered in China?
After examining the application of aliens, the authority in charge of visa shall grant corresponding visas to those who meet the requirement according to the application causes. Chinese government issues four types of visas: visa of diplomacy, visa of courtesy, visa of official matters and ordinary visas. General aliens obtain ordinary visas when they co me to China.
In favor of the administration, ordinary visas are divided into seven types and each is marked with a capital letter.
(1) Visa D is issued to those who come to China for permanent residence.
(2) Visa Z is issued to those who come to China to work in China and their accompanying family members.
(3) Visa X is issued to those who come to China to China to study or practice as interns for more than six months.
(4) Visa F is issued to those who come to China to visit, teach, do business, or for cultural, scientific or technological exchanges for less than six months.
(5) Visa L is issued to those who come to China to travel, visit friends and relatives or to deal with some private matters.
(6) Visa G is issued to those who need a stopover in China.
(7) Visa C is issued to the crews of airplanes, trains and ships who are on regular visits to China. Their accompanying family members are issued with the same type of visa.
(8) Visa J-1 is delivered to foreign resident journalists in China, and Visa J-2 to foreign journalists who come to China to gather news.
According to the above regulations, foreign experts who come to China for long-term service should apply for Visa Z on their entry. Those who are invited to visit, teach or participate in the exchange of science, technology and culture and stay in China for a short term should apply for Visa F on entry.
How to apply for Visa Z for the foreign experts who enter China for work?
According to the regulations, foreign experts, who plan to work in China for more than 6 months, should present their invitation letters, valid passports and certificates, and Confirmation for Invitation of Foreign Experts (original file )to Chinese diplomatic representative organization, consulate or other overseas organizations entrusted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for application of Visa Z.
What certifications shall be provided when applying for visa ?
To present the valid passport or other certificate(s) that can be used in place of a passport, to fill in a visa application form, and hand in recent frontal hatless half-length photos; to present documents of certification pertaining to the purposes for entry or the invitation letter from the host institution or the certificate-issuing authority; those who come to China for residence of one year or more shall produce health certificates including AIDS serum examination report issued by health departments designated by health departments designated by the governments of the countries the applicants reside in, the health certificates shall remain valid within a period of six months as of the date of issue.
What is the employment term under which foreign expert working in china must present the health certificate?
Article 5of the Provisions for the Monitoring and Control of AIDS approved by the State Council on December 26, 1987,and promulgated jointly by the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Education, the National Tourism Administration, the Civil Aviation Administration of china and the State administration of Foreign Expert Affairs stipulates that: when applying for entry visa, any foreigner who plans to settle down in china or stay (or study )in china for one year or longer is required to produce the AIDS Serological Examination Certificate issued by a public hospital or by a private hospital notarized by the notary office in the country of origin and the certificate must be authenticated by the Chinese Embassy or consulate in that country. The certificate shall remain valid for six months as of the date of issue.
Among the foreign experts and workers working in china, except those who work in journalism or publication areas with working term of 1 year, most of them in the colleges work for 1 school year, but they used to travel or stay for some time in china after the expiration of the contract. However, the visa term is usually 1year. Therefore, the invited foreign experts, the foreign workers and their family members shall present the health certificate including the AIDS Serological Examination.
How to handle the concrete procedures on the health certificate that the foreign experts are required to present?
The host institution may acquire the Health Examination Record of Aliens and Notice on the Sanitation and Quarantine for Entry uniformly printed by the Ministry of Public Health from the local sanitation and quarantine authority and send them to the foreign experts and foreign workers before they come to china. Alternatively, the institution may notify the invited persons to acquire them from Chinese overseas diplomatic missions or consular offices. Whatefer the way is, the host institution must remind the invited persons to perform the health examination as required. The hospital shall fill in the Health Examination Record of Aliens with two copies, one sent to the host institution, the other presented to Chinese overseas diplomatic missions or consular offices for notarization when handling the visa for entry and carried at the time of entry. After entry, the host institution shall present the Health Examination Record of Aliens of the invited persons to the local sanitation and quarantine authority for notarization. The sanitation and quarantine authority is responsible for the grant of Validation Certificate of Health Examination Record of Aliens and the public security organ issues the residence permit to alien according to the Validation Certificate.
What to do in case the foreign experts fail to undergo the AIDS Serological Examination for lack of necessary conditions before coming to china?
The Provisions for the Monitoring and Control of AIDS points out that: foreign nationals who fail to undergo AIDS serological examination in their home countries for lack of necessary conditions, must go to a designated professional health organ for the examination within 20 days after entry
If you want to look for teaching jobs in china freely,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
Law on the Entry and Exit of Aliens of the People??s Republic of China (referred as the Aliens Law in the following) was adopted on the Thirteenth Meeting of the Sixth Session of the Standing Committee of National People??s Congress and took effect from February 1,1986.THE Basic principles of the Aliens Law are: To protect the opening policy of our country, facilitate the international exchange, promote the construction of socialism modernization and protect the legitimate rights and interests of aliens.
What are the regulations on the entry, pass and residence of aliens?
The Aliens Law stipulates that any entry into China, pass through China or residence in Chinese government. The term of the visa-exemption agreement apply to the citizens from those countries that have signed such agreement with Chinese movement. Aliens that stay in China for no more than 24 hours without exit from the airport may be exempted from visa.
How could the foreign experts apply for their entry visas?
The foreign experts may apply for visas to the Chinese diplomatic representative organization, consulate or other overseas organizations authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
How many types of visas are offered in China?
After examining the application of aliens, the authority in charge of visa shall grant corresponding visas to those who meet the requirement according to the application causes. Chinese government issues four types of visas: visa of diplomacy, visa of courtesy, visa of official matters and ordinary visas. General aliens obtain ordinary visas when they co me to China.
In favor of the administration, ordinary visas are divided into seven types and each is marked with a capital letter.
(1) Visa D is issued to those who come to China for permanent residence.
(2) Visa Z is issued to those who come to China to work in China and their accompanying family members.
(3) Visa X is issued to those who come to China to China to study or practice as interns for more than six months.
(4) Visa F is issued to those who come to China to visit, teach, do business, or for cultural, scientific or technological exchanges for less than six months.
(5) Visa L is issued to those who come to China to travel, visit friends and relatives or to deal with some private matters.
(6) Visa G is issued to those who need a stopover in China.
(7) Visa C is issued to the crews of airplanes, trains and ships who are on regular visits to China. Their accompanying family members are issued with the same type of visa.
(8) Visa J-1 is delivered to foreign resident journalists in China, and Visa J-2 to foreign journalists who come to China to gather news.
According to the above regulations, foreign experts who come to China for long-term service should apply for Visa Z on their entry. Those who are invited to visit, teach or participate in the exchange of science, technology and culture and stay in China for a short term should apply for Visa F on entry.
How to apply for Visa Z for the foreign experts who enter China for work?
According to the regulations, foreign experts, who plan to work in China for more than 6 months, should present their invitation letters, valid passports and certificates, and Confirmation for Invitation of Foreign Experts (original file )to Chinese diplomatic representative organization, consulate or other overseas organizations entrusted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for application of Visa Z.
What certifications shall be provided when applying for visa ?
To present the valid passport or other certificate(s) that can be used in place of a passport, to fill in a visa application form, and hand in recent frontal hatless half-length photos; to present documents of certification pertaining to the purposes for entry or the invitation letter from the host institution or the certificate-issuing authority; those who come to China for residence of one year or more shall produce health certificates including AIDS serum examination report issued by health departments designated by health departments designated by the governments of the countries the applicants reside in, the health certificates shall remain valid within a period of six months as of the date of issue.
What is the employment term under which foreign expert working in china must present the health certificate?
Article 5of the Provisions for the Monitoring and Control of AIDS approved by the State Council on December 26, 1987,and promulgated jointly by the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Education, the National Tourism Administration, the Civil Aviation Administration of china and the State administration of Foreign Expert Affairs stipulates that: when applying for entry visa, any foreigner who plans to settle down in china or stay (or study )in china for one year or longer is required to produce the AIDS Serological Examination Certificate issued by a public hospital or by a private hospital notarized by the notary office in the country of origin and the certificate must be authenticated by the Chinese Embassy or consulate in that country. The certificate shall remain valid for six months as of the date of issue.
Among the foreign experts and workers working in china, except those who work in journalism or publication areas with working term of 1 year, most of them in the colleges work for 1 school year, but they used to travel or stay for some time in china after the expiration of the contract. However, the visa term is usually 1year. Therefore, the invited foreign experts, the foreign workers and their family members shall present the health certificate including the AIDS Serological Examination.
How to handle the concrete procedures on the health certificate that the foreign experts are required to present?
The host institution may acquire the Health Examination Record of Aliens and Notice on the Sanitation and Quarantine for Entry uniformly printed by the Ministry of Public Health from the local sanitation and quarantine authority and send them to the foreign experts and foreign workers before they come to china. Alternatively, the institution may notify the invited persons to acquire them from Chinese overseas diplomatic missions or consular offices. Whatefer the way is, the host institution must remind the invited persons to perform the health examination as required. The hospital shall fill in the Health Examination Record of Aliens with two copies, one sent to the host institution, the other presented to Chinese overseas diplomatic missions or consular offices for notarization when handling the visa for entry and carried at the time of entry. After entry, the host institution shall present the Health Examination Record of Aliens of the invited persons to the local sanitation and quarantine authority for notarization. The sanitation and quarantine authority is responsible for the grant of Validation Certificate of Health Examination Record of Aliens and the public security organ issues the residence permit to alien according to the Validation Certificate.
What to do in case the foreign experts fail to undergo the AIDS Serological Examination for lack of necessary conditions before coming to china?
The Provisions for the Monitoring and Control of AIDS points out that: foreign nationals who fail to undergo AIDS serological examination in their home countries for lack of necessary conditions, must go to a designated professional health organ for the examination within 20 days after entry
If you want to look for teaching jobs in china freely,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
2008年12月21日星期日
Introductions of Beautiful cities in China
Capital BeijingBeijing thrives today as the political and cultural capital of China as well as a center of international activity and an important socialist base. Great changes have taken place since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The city walls were demolished to facilitate transportation and allow for general expansion. By 2001, the population exceeded 12.5 million, and the total municipal area was increased to over 17,800 square kilometers. The city is presently divided into 16 districts: Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chongwen, Xuanwu, Chaoyang, Haidian, Shijingshan, Fengtai, Shunyi, Changping, Mentougou, Tongzhou, Fangshan, Daxing, Huairou and Pinggu. In addition to these urban districts, the municipality is comprised of two counties: Miyun and Yanqing. Plans for future development retain the symmetrical layout of the old city on its north-south axis, extending out into the suburban districts. From Dingfuzhuang in the east to Shijingshan in the west and from Qinghe in the north to Nanyuan in the south, the overall plan covers an area of 1,000 square kilometers. A traffic network of four concentric beltways, 28 radial roads, and underground and suburban railways are being further developed to link the city center with outlying areas and surrounding towns. With Tian'anmen at the center, offices along 38-kilometer-long Chang'an Boulevard will concentrate on state, political and economic affairs. The areas around the Palace Museum (Imperial Palace or Forbidden City) and city gates as well as the lakes -- Zhongnanhai, Beihai and Housanhai -- have been designated landmark districts. And with a look to the future, an increasing number of historical, cultural and revolutionary sites are being renovated and opened to the public.
Modern ShanghaiShanghai, Hu for short, is situated on the estuary of Yangtze River of China. It is the largest industrial city in China. Covering an area of 5,800 square kilometers (2,239 square miles), Shanghai has a population of 18.7 million, including 2 million floating population. Originally, Shanghai was a seaside fishing village and in time its gradual development led to it being granted County status on August 19th, 1291 during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). Hence this day became the anniversary of the founding of Shanghai. Today's Shanghai is a multi-cultural metropolis with both modern and traditional Chinese features. Bubbling Shanghai shows off every aspect of her unique glamour.
Shanghai is China's biggest city, largest port and one of the world's vital financial centers. It was also one of the first ports opened to foreign trade. Rising from a fishing village, Shanghai is one of the four municipalities directly under the central government. Aside from Pudong New District, Shanghai has jurisdiction over 13 districts and six suburban counties. The total area of Shanghai is 6340 square kilometers. Shanghai sits in a sub-tropical monsoon climate, with moderate temperatures and humidity and adequate sunshine. Rainfall is abundant and the seasons are distinct. The average temperature of Shanghai is 15.4 degrees Celsius, with the high averaging 27.4 degrees in July-August and the low 3-5 degrees below zero in January. Shanghai is a city with a long history. In the long-term development, it has formed its own unique city scene and varied cultures and arts. Up to now, a lot of cultural relics beginning in the Tang (618-917) and Song (960-1279) Dynasties, many museums and contemporary memorial halls are well preserved. There are a lot of tourist centers in urban districts and suburbs of Shanghai, which form many tourist areas, tourist lines and special-interest tourist items.
Paradise HangzhouHangzhou is one of the important tourism cities in China, famous for its natural beauty and historical and cultural heritages. Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang province. It is the political, economic and cultural center of the province as well. It is one of the 15 vice-provincial level cities in China. Hangzhou is located on the low reaches of Qiantang river in southeast China, with a distance of 180 kilometers to Shanghai. It is one of the key cities in the Yangzi Delta area. Hangzhou is of subtropical monsoon climate, with distinctive four seasons and mild atmosphere and favorable geographical positions and natural conditions. Hangzhou has 6 districts, 2 counties and 5 county-level municipalities under its jurisdiction. Hangzhou covers a total area of 16596 square kilometers, with a population of 6.08 million, including 683 square kilometers of city proper area and city population of 1.69 million people . Hangzhou is one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. The human being had lived and prospered in this land 4700 years ago, which is called "Liangzhu Culture". Hangzhou had once been the capitals of Wu and Yue kingdoms of Five Dynasties during the 10th Century and capital of Southern Song Dynasty during the 12-13th Century. It is one of the seven ancient Chinese capitals, famous for its historical and cultural heritages. The city has a history of more than 2200 years since it was established as a county by the First Emperor Qing.
The West Lake is undoubtedly the most renowned feature of Hangzhou, noted for the scenic beauty that blends naturally with many famous historical and cultural sites. In this scenic area, Solitary Hill, the Mausoleum of General Yue Fei, the Six Harmonies Pagoda and the Ling Yin Temple are probably the most frequently visited attractions. The "Ten West Lake Prospects" have been specially selected to give the visitor outstanding views of the lake, mountains and monuments.
Historic Xi’an
Xi'an, the historical city, was called Chang'an in ancient times, and is now the capital of Shaanxi province. Xi'an is situated in the center of Weihe Plain with the towering and verdant Mt. Qinling in the south, with the meandering and rolling Beishan mountain system in the north and eight rivers around it, all of which are at Guang Zhong Plain (the center of passes). Historically, it was famous for being called "a gold city stretching a thousand li" with its fertile soil, mild climate, adequate rainfall and rich products. Xi'an has a long history. Since the earliest societies, humanity lived and multiplied here. It served as a capital for twelve dynasties, including the Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Sui and Tang dynasties, spanning over 1120 years. It became the oriental cultural center of the Silk Road.
Xian is the most important city in northwest China, and so there are a lot of shopping outlets for locals and tourists alike. There are many big shopping centers, department stores and supermarkets in and around Xian city - the biggest and most comprehensive being Kai Yuan Shopping Mall and Century Ginwa Shopping Mall. The night life in Xian has a unique glamour. Traditional ways include enjoying the night scenery around the Bell Tower, taking part in a Tang Dynasty Dinner Show, strolling on the ancient Big Wild Goose Pagoda Square and watching the music fountain performance. More modern and fashionable ways include singing in the KTV, hanging out in a bar, or dancing in a Disco. All in all, any experience in this ancient city will bring you fun and possibly a little surprise! Xian is the capital of Shaanxi province, located in the southern part of the Guanzhong Plain. With the Qinling Mountains to the south and the Weihe River to the north, it is in a favorable geographical location surrounded by water and hills. It has a semi-moist monsoon climate and there is a clear distinction between the four seasons. Except the colder winter, any season is relatively suitable for traveling
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2008年12月17日星期三
The Terra Cotta Warriors
Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum
Emperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.
In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.
After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.
Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”
Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.
Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was
In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.
The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background. They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation. According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.
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Chinese people
China is a unified nation consisting of many different ethnic groups. Fifty-six different ethnic groups make up the great Chinese national family. Because the Han people accounts for more than ninety percent of China's population, the remaining fifty-five groups are generally referred to as "ethnic minorities." Next to the majority Han, the Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, and Uygur peoples comprise the largest ethnic groups. Although China's ethnic minorities do not account for a large portion of the population, they are distributed over a vast area, residing in every corner of China.
Particularly since the implementation of China's opening and reform policy, the central government has increased investment in minority areas and accelerated their opening to the outside world. This has resulted in an upsurge of economic development in these areas. Each of China's ethnic minority groups possesses a distinctive culture. The Chinese government respects minority customs, and works to preserve, study, and collate the cultural artifacts of China's ethnic minority groups. The government vigorously supports the development of minority culture and the training of minority cultural workers, and fosters the development of traditional minority medicine.
The relation among China's ethnic groups can be described as "overall integration, local concentration, mutual interaction." Concentrations of ethnic minorities reside within predominantly Han areas, and the Han people also reside in minority areas, indicating that there has been extensive exchanges among China's ethnic groups since ancient times. With the development of the market economy, interaction among ethnic groups has become even more active in the areas of government, economics, culture, daily life, and marriage. Linked by interdependence, mutual assistance, and joint development, their common goals and interests creating a deep sense of solidarity, China's ethnic groups resemble a great national family, together building Chinese civilization.
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Particularly since the implementation of China's opening and reform policy, the central government has increased investment in minority areas and accelerated their opening to the outside world. This has resulted in an upsurge of economic development in these areas. Each of China's ethnic minority groups possesses a distinctive culture. The Chinese government respects minority customs, and works to preserve, study, and collate the cultural artifacts of China's ethnic minority groups. The government vigorously supports the development of minority culture and the training of minority cultural workers, and fosters the development of traditional minority medicine.
The relation among China's ethnic groups can be described as "overall integration, local concentration, mutual interaction." Concentrations of ethnic minorities reside within predominantly Han areas, and the Han people also reside in minority areas, indicating that there has been extensive exchanges among China's ethnic groups since ancient times. With the development of the market economy, interaction among ethnic groups has become even more active in the areas of government, economics, culture, daily life, and marriage. Linked by interdependence, mutual assistance, and joint development, their common goals and interests creating a deep sense of solidarity, China's ethnic groups resemble a great national family, together building Chinese civilization.
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Chinese media
The Chinese Constitution guarantees citizens' freedom of speech and information. With economic development, the media tends to become more diversified. According to statistics, there are over 2,000 newspapers, over 8,000 magazines, 311 radio stations and 358 TV stations in China. By the end of 2001, there were 770 medium- and short-wave radio transmitting and relay stations, and 88.03 million households with access to cable television, covering 92.9 and 94.1 percent of the population, respectively. Radio and TV now extend their reach through multiple transmission, including satellites, and wireless and wired systems.
China has two news agencies -- Xinhua (New China) News Agency and China News Service. Xinhua is the nation's official news agency, with its head office in Beijing. Its major task is to collect and distribute important news and information concerning politics, economy and culture in both China and the rest of the world. Xinhua News Agency has become one of the major international news agencies in the world, with over 100 branch offices in the Asian-Pacific region, the Middle East, Latin America, Africa and other regions. It has signed contracts with over 80 foreign news agencies and political comment and news departments for exchanging news and news photos.
With its head office also in Beijing, China News Service mainly supplies news to overseas Chinese, foreign citizens of Chinese origin, and compatriots in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan.
From 1950 to 2000, the number of newspapers increased by approximately 11 times, which enabled China to rank among the world's most advanced countries in this respect. Aiming at various groups of readers, the formats of newspapers are becoming more and more rich and colorful, including daily, evening, morning, noon and weekly newspapers. Farmers, workers, enterprises and professional people are all catered for. Of these newspapers, some focus on transmitting economic, scientific and technological information, and some aim at satisfying cultural and entertainment needs. Special newspapers offering various types of information and advertisements have appeared in great numbers, some of them being free of charge. This is a new phenomenon in recent years.
The Central People's Broadcasting Station (CPBS), the nation's official radio station, has seven channels, and broadcasts for a total of over 100 hours per day. Every province, autonomous region and municipality have local broadcasting stations, which relay some programs from the CPBS and programs with local characteristics. The programs of China Radio International (CRI) are now beamed to all parts of the world in 38 foreign languages, standard Chinese and four Chinese dialects. Besides news programs, there are over 400 special programs. Currently, CRI ranks third in overseas broadcasting time and languages in the world.
China's television industry entered a golden age, beginning in the 1980s. Thereafter, for approximately 10 years the television viewing population increased by 61 million every year. China Central Television (CCTV) is the largest and most powerful national television station. At present, CCTV has established business relations with more than 250 television organizations in over 130 countries and regions.
CCTV and more than 3,000 other television stations nationwide in various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and the cities, districts and counties under their jurisdictions, as well as the satellite and ground network systems constitute the largest television network in the world. Besides appraisal and giving awards, the annual Shanghai Television Festival also conducts academic television exchanges and the import and export of television programs, and holds international exhibitions and technology exchanges. Shanghai has become the largest television program trading market in Asia.
Since the mid-1990s, a "fourth medium" -- internet news medium industry -- has been in operation, which depends on traditional media while being different from them. Quite a number of famous websites have taken shape, which operate according to the process of regular news media and are able to create strong public opinion rapidly on the Internet with their news reports. Some large-scale traditional media are constantly reconstructing their websites to adjust themselves to the operation law of the "fourth medium." Over 700 traditional media countrywide have set up their websites with independent domain names. Experts predict that, in the 10 to 20 years to come, the influence of the "fourth medium" may become greater than that of periodicals, radio and TV. It is estimated that, by 2005, there will be as many as 40 million computers in China connected to the Internet, and 200 million users of data, multi-media and the Internet, with about 15 percent of the population having access to the internet.
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China has two news agencies -- Xinhua (New China) News Agency and China News Service. Xinhua is the nation's official news agency, with its head office in Beijing. Its major task is to collect and distribute important news and information concerning politics, economy and culture in both China and the rest of the world. Xinhua News Agency has become one of the major international news agencies in the world, with over 100 branch offices in the Asian-Pacific region, the Middle East, Latin America, Africa and other regions. It has signed contracts with over 80 foreign news agencies and political comment and news departments for exchanging news and news photos.
With its head office also in Beijing, China News Service mainly supplies news to overseas Chinese, foreign citizens of Chinese origin, and compatriots in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan.
From 1950 to 2000, the number of newspapers increased by approximately 11 times, which enabled China to rank among the world's most advanced countries in this respect. Aiming at various groups of readers, the formats of newspapers are becoming more and more rich and colorful, including daily, evening, morning, noon and weekly newspapers. Farmers, workers, enterprises and professional people are all catered for. Of these newspapers, some focus on transmitting economic, scientific and technological information, and some aim at satisfying cultural and entertainment needs. Special newspapers offering various types of information and advertisements have appeared in great numbers, some of them being free of charge. This is a new phenomenon in recent years.
The Central People's Broadcasting Station (CPBS), the nation's official radio station, has seven channels, and broadcasts for a total of over 100 hours per day. Every province, autonomous region and municipality have local broadcasting stations, which relay some programs from the CPBS and programs with local characteristics. The programs of China Radio International (CRI) are now beamed to all parts of the world in 38 foreign languages, standard Chinese and four Chinese dialects. Besides news programs, there are over 400 special programs. Currently, CRI ranks third in overseas broadcasting time and languages in the world.
China's television industry entered a golden age, beginning in the 1980s. Thereafter, for approximately 10 years the television viewing population increased by 61 million every year. China Central Television (CCTV) is the largest and most powerful national television station. At present, CCTV has established business relations with more than 250 television organizations in over 130 countries and regions.
CCTV and more than 3,000 other television stations nationwide in various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and the cities, districts and counties under their jurisdictions, as well as the satellite and ground network systems constitute the largest television network in the world. Besides appraisal and giving awards, the annual Shanghai Television Festival also conducts academic television exchanges and the import and export of television programs, and holds international exhibitions and technology exchanges. Shanghai has become the largest television program trading market in Asia.
Since the mid-1990s, a "fourth medium" -- internet news medium industry -- has been in operation, which depends on traditional media while being different from them. Quite a number of famous websites have taken shape, which operate according to the process of regular news media and are able to create strong public opinion rapidly on the Internet with their news reports. Some large-scale traditional media are constantly reconstructing their websites to adjust themselves to the operation law of the "fourth medium." Over 700 traditional media countrywide have set up their websites with independent domain names. Experts predict that, in the 10 to 20 years to come, the influence of the "fourth medium" may become greater than that of periodicals, radio and TV. It is estimated that, by 2005, there will be as many as 40 million computers in China connected to the Internet, and 200 million users of data, multi-media and the Internet, with about 15 percent of the population having access to the internet.
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Chinese Education
The Chinese Constitution requires that all Chinese children receive nine years of compulsory education, including six years of primary school and three years of junior middle school.
Higher education has developed substantially in the fifty years since the founding of the People's Republic of China. A three-tier degree system, offering bachelor's, masters, and doctorate degrees, was instituted in 1981. Following a series of reforms, a diverse, multi-level system of higher education has been initiated, encompassing a full range of subjects and suited to the needs of the national economy and social development. China's institutions of higher learning include comprehensive universities and specialized universities or institutes. Most specialized programs take three years, with a small number taking two years; comprehensive programs generally take four years, with a small number taking five or six years. China has a number of famous universities, including Peking University, Tsinghua University, Fudan University, Nankai University, Beijing University of Science and Technology, Jilin University, Wuhan University, and Nanjing University. After completing their studies, some college graduates enter the job market, while others may pursue a second bachelor's degree or enter a master's or doctoral program. People who have received a doctorate may choose to continue their studies abroad. Students face tests at every level of China's educational system, and only those who surmount these hurdles are granted the opportunity to pursue a higher level of education.
China's universities produced 829,100 graduates with bachelors degrees between 1979 and 1997, 2.58 times as many as during the previous thirty years. Universities and research institutes awarded a total of 20,514 doctorates and 285,943 masters degrees between 1981 and 1996. Statistics indicate that there were 1,071 universities in China in 1999, and that the number of university students rose from 6.43 million in 1998 to 12.14 million by 2001, an increase of 89%. During this period, the number of master's degree students rose from 150,000 to 290,000, an increase of 93%, and the number of doctoral students rose from 45,000 to 77,000, an increase of 71%. China's institutions of higher learning have produced a large amount of advanced scientific research and technical applications. As of the end of 2001, universities had won 250 State awards in the natural sciences, 50% of the national total; 1,002 State awards for technical inventions, 34% of the national total; and 2,100 State awards for advances in science and technology, 26% of the national total. Universities account for over 60% of all scientific and technical studies published domestically and abroad each year.
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2008年11月28日星期五
Chinese Medicine
Many Chinese people, especially the older generation, are accustomed to going to traditional Chinese doctors and using traditional Chinese remedies. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a history stretching back thousands of years. TCM is an extremely rich discipline, built upon the combined experiences of famous practitioners of past dynasties, and the extensive body of medical writings they produced.
The theories of TCM are quite different from those of Western medicine. TCM considers Nature and Human to form a single whole, and emphasizes the philosophical concept known as "The Unity of Heaven and Human." Environmental factors such as the four seasons and changes in temperature and weather are believed to influence the human body, with the body and Nature forming an integrated system. For instance, when the weather is hot in the spring, humid in the summer, dry in the fall, or cold in the winter, TCM employs treatments known as "eliminating fire," "expelling dampness," "moistening the body," and "guarding against cold" respectively. All parts and systems of the body are considered to be closely connected and mutually interacting. "The outside of the body is Yang, the inside is Yin; the back is Yang, the abdomen is Yin." TCM utilizes Yin-Yang Theory and Five Elements Theory, which advocate "administering treatment according to pattern," rather than "treating the head when the head hurts; treating the foot when the foot hurts." According to the Five Elements Theory, the liver and gallbladder are Wood, the heart is Fire, the spleen and stomach are Earth, the lungs and intestines are Metal, and the kidneys and bladder are Water. When Yin and Yang are out of balance, disease and disorder result. Diagnosis relies on inspecting the complexion, smelling the breath, inquiring about symptoms, and feeling the pulse in order to determine the overall condition of the body.
Traditional Chinese remedies consist of natural preparations. Several thousand years of experimentation have determined the specific medicinal properties of numerous herbs, and the specific prescriptions and treatments that should be used for a wide range of conditions. The famous Compendium of Materia Medica , written by Li Shizhen during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), contains comprehensive descriptions of thousands of Chinese herbal remedies. Traditional Chinese remedies may either be taken internally or applied externally to promote the recovery of normal functioning, in accordance with the theory of "administering treatment according to pattern." Thus the saying, "Western medicine treats the symptom, Chinese medicine treats the root." As more people have become interested in alternative lifestyles in recent years, there has been a corresponding upsurge of interest in herbal medicine and non-pharmaceutical treatments. Traditional Chinese medicine and remedies have become increasingly popular around the world, and the number of Sino-foreign exchanges concerning traditional Chinese medicine and remedies has steadily increased. Japan, the United States, and Germany have established a number of cooperative projects with China, and the World Health Organization has opened seven traditional Chinese medicine centers in China.
Studies concerning acupuncture, moxibustion, and the use of acupuncture for anesthesia and pain relief have been published in 120 countries and regions around world. In 1987, the World Acupuncture Association, consisting of over 50,000 members from almost 100 countries and regions, was established in Beijing. In 1991, the International Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine was established in China, with representatives from several dozen countries jointly drafting the "Beijing Proclamation." To date, China has established medical, research, and educational exchanges in the field of TCM with more than 100 countries and regions.
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China becomes major education, employment destination
Figures released by the Chinese government departments have shown China is becoming one of the world's most popular education and employment destinations.
Statistics released by the Ministry of Education showed that in 2005, 141,000 overseas students came to China to study, up 27.28 percent from the previous year, with 86,679 studying Mandarin (Putonghua).
"The year 2005 saw China attracting the largest number of overseas students since the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, thanks to the country's stable political environment, rapid economic growth and growing international influence," said Zhang Xiuqin, secretary-general of the China Scholarship Council.
Hong Changwoo, a student of Beijing Language and Culture University from the Republic of Korea (ROK), told Xinhua that a large number of young people in the ROK are keen on studying Mandarin, as more and more companies in the ROK require their employees to speak Chinese.
Zhang said the residential environment, education quality and medical and social insurance provided by Chinese higher learning institutes for overseas students all reached international standards. Meanwhile, China's tuition fees for overseas students are much lower than those in most other countries.
Statistics from the Ministry of Education showed that from 1950 to 2005, China received a total of 884,315 overseas students.
But Zhang acknowledged that problems still exist. The Chinese government has approved in principle overseas students applying for part-time jobs in China but there are no regulations on how many hours an overseas student can work a day and what kinds of vocations or industries are open for overseas students to work in.
Meanwhile, statistics from the Ministry of Labor and Social Security showed that by the end of 2005, more than 150,000 overseas employees had registered to work in China. 70 percent of them worked in foreign-invested companies and they are mostly from Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, the United States and European countries.
"The Chinese government encourages foreigners with special technological, managerial skills that China is currently short of to work in China," said Wang Yadong, deputy director of the Employment Training Department of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security.
According to the ministry, a majority of the foreigners work in hi-tech, communication, and financing industries. There are more than 500 multinational companies in Shanghai, with more than 40,000 foreign talents.
Kritian Kender, a business partner of a media research company in China who has been working here for more than ten years said there were no interesting jobs back in the United States when he graduated.
"It's not very difficult for foreigners to find jobs in China," he said, noting that to have an interesting job is more difficult and even more difficult to start business because the procedure is quite time consuming and complicated. China issued a "green card" policy in 2004 for foreigner to have long-term residence and work. By the end of September last year, 649 foreigners from 33 countries including the United States, Canada, Singapore, Japan and Australia had been granted permanent residence in China.
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2008年11月27日星期四
chinese thanks giving propose the interpersonal harmony
A member of China's top advisory body has proposed a Chinese Thanksgiving Day, a public day to boost harmony among the people.
"I think such a holiday will remind the children of their parents' attention and love and teach them how to be thankful and considerate to their elders," said Chen Wanzhi, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), during a panel discussion on Tuesday. "It willalso remind the adults to be more caring and tolerant of others."
"I think such a holiday will remind the children of their parents' attention and love and teach them how to be thankful and considerate to their elders," said Chen Wanzhi, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), during a panel discussion on Tuesday. "It willalso remind the adults to be more caring and tolerant of others."
The advisor from the southwestern Chongqing municipality proposed the Chinese celebrate their own Thanksgiving on the Western Father's Day. "We can encourage the children to help theirparents with housework on that day so that they can understand their parents better and learn to care more for others."
It constitutes part of the Chinese national character since ancient times to stay thankful and ready to repay others' kindness,acknowledge Chen. "We need to preserve the good quality in the present-day society."
China's one-child generation, as the center of their family life, are increasingly taking their parents' love for granted, said Chen.
"Heavy school assignment load and intense competitions for higher learning also caused some youngsters to be aparthetic and indifferent to others' feelings," he added, "and the same is true in the adult world."
The proposal has been commended by many citizens in Beijing. "For the children, to be grateful is the first step towards filial piety," said a Beijing-based engineer who gave only her surname asLei. "I think it's a very good idea, as the holiday will be another ideal opportunity for family union with their parents," said Mr. Liu, whose parents are not living in the same city.
But some people have questioned to what extent a holiday can really boost harmony. "Not all social issues can be solved with a holiday," said Prof. Zhou Xiaozheng of the Beijing-based People's University of China. "We have to carry out research and analysis before making a proposal."
A Beijing school teacher said it is equally important to boost the young people's respect for the traditional culture, instead ofblindly following Western concepts. "Even if we have a so-called 'Thanksgiving Day', we should underline its Chinese characteristics," said Li Deqiang, an English teacher with Beijing No. 5 Middle School.
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2008年11月26日星期三
Various types of Chinese Cuisine
China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China's local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted around. Certainly, there are many other local cuisines that are famous, such as Beijing Cuisine and Shanghai Cuisine.
Shandong Cuisine
Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste.
Shandong is the birthplace of many famous ancient scholars such as Confucious and Mencius. And much of Shandong cuisine's history is as old as Confucious himself, making it the oldest existing major cuisine in China. But don't expect to gain more wisdom from a fortune cookie at a Shandong restaurant in the West since fortune cookies aren't even indigenous to China.
Shandong is a large peninsula surrounded by the sea to the East and the Yellow River meandering through the center. As a result, seafood is a major component of Shandong cuisine. Shandong's most famous dish is the Sweat and Sour Carp. A truly authentic Sweet and Sour Carp must come from the Yellow River. But with the current amount of pollution in the Yellow River, you would be better off if the carp was from elsewhere. Shandong dishes are mainly quick-fried, roasted, stir-fried or deep-fried. The dishes are mainly clear, fresh and fatty, perfect with Shandong's own famous beer, Qingdao Beer
Sichuan Cuisine
Sichuan Cuisine, known often in the West as Szechuan Cuisine, is one of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil, pickling and braising are applied as basic cooking techniques. It cannot be said that one who does not experience Sichuan food ever reaches China.
If you eat Sichuan cuisine and find it too bland, then you are probably not eating authentic Sichuan cuisine. Chili peppers and prickly ash are used in many dishes, giving it a distinctively spicy taste, called ma in Chinese. It often leaves a slight numb sensation in the mouth. However, most peppers were brought to China from the Americas in the 18th century so you can thank global trade for much of Sichuan cuisine's excellence. Sichuan hot pots are perhaps the most famous hotpots in the world, most notably the Yuan Yang (mandarin duck) Hotpot half spicy and half clear.
Guangdong Cuisine
Cantonese food originates from Guangdong, the southernmost province in China. The majority of overseas Chinese people are from Guangdong (Canton) so Cantonese is perhaps the most widely available Chinese regional cuisine outside of China.
Cantonese are known to have an adventurous palate, able to eat many different kinds of meats and vegetables. In fact, people in Northern China often say that Cantonese people will eat anything that flies except airplanes, anything that moves on the ground except trains, and anything that moves in the water except boats. This statement is far from the truth, but Cantonese food is easily one of the most diverse and richest cuisines in China. Many vegetables originate from other parts of the world. It doesn't use much spice, bringing out the natural flavor of the vegetables and meats. Tasting clear, light, crisp and fresh, Guangdong cuisine, familiar to Westerners, usually chooses raptors and beasts to produce originative dishes. Its basic cooking techniques include roasting, stir-frying, sauteing, deep-frying, braising, stewing and steaming. Among them steaming and stir-frying are more commonly applied to preserve the natural flavor. Guangdong chefs also pay much attention to the artistic presentation of dishes.
Fujian Cuisine
Consisting of Fuzhou Cuisine, Quanzhou Cuisine and Xiamen Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine is distinguished for its choice seafood, beautiful color and magic taste of sweet, sour, salty and savory. The most distinct features are their "pickled taste".
Jiangsu Cuisine
Jiangsu Cuisine, also called Huaiyang Cuisine, is popular in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. Aquatics as the main ingredients, it stresses the freshness of materials. Its carving techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well known. Cooking techniques consist of stewing, braising, roasting, simmering, etc. The flavor of Huaiyang Cuisine is light, fresh and sweet and with delicate elegance. Jiangsu cuisine is well known for its careful selection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation methodology, and its not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste. Since the seasons vary in climate considerably in Jiangsu, the cuisine also varies throughout the year. If the flavor is strong, it isn't too heavy; if light, not too bland.
Zhejiang Cuisine
Comprising local cuisines of Hangzhou, Ningbo and Shaoxing, Zhejiang Cuisine, not greasy, wins its reputation for freshness, tenderness, softness, smoothness of its dishes with mellow fragrance. Hangzhou Cuisine is the most famous one among the three.
Shandong Cuisine
Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste.
Shandong is the birthplace of many famous ancient scholars such as Confucious and Mencius. And much of Shandong cuisine's history is as old as Confucious himself, making it the oldest existing major cuisine in China. But don't expect to gain more wisdom from a fortune cookie at a Shandong restaurant in the West since fortune cookies aren't even indigenous to China.
Shandong is a large peninsula surrounded by the sea to the East and the Yellow River meandering through the center. As a result, seafood is a major component of Shandong cuisine. Shandong's most famous dish is the Sweat and Sour Carp. A truly authentic Sweet and Sour Carp must come from the Yellow River. But with the current amount of pollution in the Yellow River, you would be better off if the carp was from elsewhere. Shandong dishes are mainly quick-fried, roasted, stir-fried or deep-fried. The dishes are mainly clear, fresh and fatty, perfect with Shandong's own famous beer, Qingdao Beer
Sichuan Cuisine
Sichuan Cuisine, known often in the West as Szechuan Cuisine, is one of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil, pickling and braising are applied as basic cooking techniques. It cannot be said that one who does not experience Sichuan food ever reaches China.
If you eat Sichuan cuisine and find it too bland, then you are probably not eating authentic Sichuan cuisine. Chili peppers and prickly ash are used in many dishes, giving it a distinctively spicy taste, called ma in Chinese. It often leaves a slight numb sensation in the mouth. However, most peppers were brought to China from the Americas in the 18th century so you can thank global trade for much of Sichuan cuisine's excellence. Sichuan hot pots are perhaps the most famous hotpots in the world, most notably the Yuan Yang (mandarin duck) Hotpot half spicy and half clear.
Guangdong Cuisine
Cantonese food originates from Guangdong, the southernmost province in China. The majority of overseas Chinese people are from Guangdong (Canton) so Cantonese is perhaps the most widely available Chinese regional cuisine outside of China.
Cantonese are known to have an adventurous palate, able to eat many different kinds of meats and vegetables. In fact, people in Northern China often say that Cantonese people will eat anything that flies except airplanes, anything that moves on the ground except trains, and anything that moves in the water except boats. This statement is far from the truth, but Cantonese food is easily one of the most diverse and richest cuisines in China. Many vegetables originate from other parts of the world. It doesn't use much spice, bringing out the natural flavor of the vegetables and meats. Tasting clear, light, crisp and fresh, Guangdong cuisine, familiar to Westerners, usually chooses raptors and beasts to produce originative dishes. Its basic cooking techniques include roasting, stir-frying, sauteing, deep-frying, braising, stewing and steaming. Among them steaming and stir-frying are more commonly applied to preserve the natural flavor. Guangdong chefs also pay much attention to the artistic presentation of dishes.
Fujian Cuisine
Consisting of Fuzhou Cuisine, Quanzhou Cuisine and Xiamen Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine is distinguished for its choice seafood, beautiful color and magic taste of sweet, sour, salty and savory. The most distinct features are their "pickled taste".
Jiangsu Cuisine
Jiangsu Cuisine, also called Huaiyang Cuisine, is popular in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. Aquatics as the main ingredients, it stresses the freshness of materials. Its carving techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well known. Cooking techniques consist of stewing, braising, roasting, simmering, etc. The flavor of Huaiyang Cuisine is light, fresh and sweet and with delicate elegance. Jiangsu cuisine is well known for its careful selection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation methodology, and its not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste. Since the seasons vary in climate considerably in Jiangsu, the cuisine also varies throughout the year. If the flavor is strong, it isn't too heavy; if light, not too bland.
Zhejiang Cuisine
Comprising local cuisines of Hangzhou, Ningbo and Shaoxing, Zhejiang Cuisine, not greasy, wins its reputation for freshness, tenderness, softness, smoothness of its dishes with mellow fragrance. Hangzhou Cuisine is the most famous one among the three.
Hunan cuisine
Hunan cuisine consists of local Cuisines of Xiangjiang Region, Dongting Lake and Xiangxi coteau. It characterizes itself by thick and pungent flavor. Chili, pepper and shallot are usually necessaries in this division.
Anhui Cuisine
Hunan cuisine consists of local Cuisines of Xiangjiang Region, Dongting Lake and Xiangxi coteau. It characterizes itself by thick and pungent flavor. Chili, pepper and shallot are usually necessaries in this division.
Anhui Cuisine
Anhui Cuisine chefs focus much more attention on the temperature in cooking and are good at braising and stewing. Often hams will be added to improve taste and sugar candy added to gain.
If you want to look for teaching jobs in china,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
2008年11月25日星期二
Foreign teachers'valuation
Toure：The school I'm at has 12 openings 2 we need to fill asap and 10 for Jan09 the pays $1000 US a month and it cost $7 a day to live if you want ot know more just ask.
Tiffany：Hey guys! I recently heard back from a job I applied as an Esl teacher in China. First I am going through training at a summer camp that starts July 1st and after the camp is over I will start teaching I believe its going to be a rewarding experince and I look forward to seeing how God is going to use me. I want take this opportunity to let you know my need, I have to have 550 dollars to them before April27th I know thats soon, this is actually atleast a hundered dollars less than what I will have to pay,if I wait,so if you are not able to give that soon,you can still give I have to get it to them when it comes in.I know is short notice,I just recently found out myself ,but I believe its worth it,so if you have a heart for kids at all ,or China,if just 22 people gave just 5 dollars,the fee would be covered and if 11 people gave 50,I could be on my way,so definitely write if you have any questions concerning the ministry opportunity,and keep me in your prayers.
So I a know most of you guys are wondering whats China like,and hear are somethings I have found out,everyone is not short,its not that hard to use their toilets,and chinese food in china is definitely healthier tho not nessarily tastier I would say theres more variety ,but its good either place. I work in xuzhou in the jiangsu province,its Ilets traning center,Its geared to help people all ages learn English and pass a test that will help them to be able go abroad and also become more successful. English is definitley valued.
I live in one fo the up and coming cities which is smaller than Shanghi and Beijing,this is not a place is not very diverse just yet but,it defintiely has alot of people. My chinese is improving slowly but surely. I am adjusting to alot,but the adjusting part is definitley happening. I enjoy the friends I have made so far and God has really blessed me with a Great roomate,we've really helped each other out alot and its neat how thats been. Well until next time,please be praying for my job,my chinese,wisdom and that I continue to draw near to and focus on God love you all.
If you want to look for teaching jobs in China,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
2008年11月23日星期日
The valuation of some foreign teachers in china
If you want to look for teaching jobs in China,you can visit our official website: http://www.uschinajob.com
2008年11月20日星期四
spring festival
Chinese New Year (Chinese: 春節, 春节, Chūnjíe; 農曆新年, 农历新年, Nónglì Xīnnián; or 過年, 过年, Guònián), also known as the Lunar New Year or the Spring Festival is the most important of the traditional Chinese holidays. It consists of a period of celebrations, starting on New Year's Day, celebrated on the first day of the first month of the Chinese calendar, i.e. the day of the second new moon after the day on which the winter solstice occurs, unless there is an intercalary eleventh or twelfth month in the lead-up to the New Year—in such a case, the New Year falls on the day of the third new moon after the solstice. (The next time this occurs is in 2033.) The Chinese New Year period ends with the Lantern Festival, the fifteenth day of the month.
Origin
The origin of the Lunar New Year Festival can be traced back thousands of years, involving a series of colorful legends and traditions. One of the most famous legends is Nian, an extremely cruel and ferocious beast that the ancients believed would devour people on New Year's Eve. To keep Nian away, red-paper couplets are pasted on doors, torches are lit, and firecrackers are set off throughout the night, because Nian is said to fear the color red, the light of fire, and loud noises. Early the next morning, as feelings of triumph and renewal fill the air at successfully keeping Nian away for another year, the most popular greeting heard is "gong xi fa cai", or "congratulations."
To ensure good luck in the coming year, the Taiwanese always give every dish a special name. This dish is called the "Five Blessings for the New Year" and represents longevity, wealth, peace, wisdom, and righteousness. (Photo by Su-ching Chang) Even though Lunar New Year celebrations generally last for only several days, starting on New Year's Eve, the festival itself is actually about three weeks long. It begins on the twenty-fourth day of the twelfth lunar month, the day, it is believed, when various gods ascend to heaven to pay their respects and report on household affairs to the Jade Emperor, the supreme Taoist deity. According to tradition, households busily honor these gods by burning ritualistic paper money to provide for their traveling expenses. Another ritual is to smear malt sugar on the lips of the Kitchen God, one of the traveling deities, to ensure that he either submits a favorable report to the Jade Emperor or keeps silent.
Celebration
The Chinese New Year starts with the New Moon on the first day of the new year and ends on the full moon 15 days later. The 15th day of the new year is called the Lantern Festival, which is celebrated at night with lantern displays and children carrying lanterns in a parade.
10 Days before the New Year Day - Sweeping of the Grounds
Preparations for the Chinese New Year in old China started well in advance of the New Year's Day. The 20th of the Twelfth Moon was set aside for the annual housecleaning, or the "sweeping of the grounds". Every corner of the house must be swept and cleaned in preparation for the new year. SpringCouplets, written in black ink on large vertical scrolls of red paper, were put on the walls or on the sides of the gate-ways. These couplets, short poems written in Classical Chinese, were expressions of good wishes for the family in the coming year. In addition, symbolic flowers and fruits were used to decorate the house, and colorful new year pictures (NIAN HUA) were placed on the walls (for more descriptions of the symbolism of the flowers and fruits.
New Year Paintings
During the Spring Festival (Chinese New Year), it is traditional to decorate the homes with new year paintings. The most popular paintings are Door Gods pasted on the front doors to keep ghosts and monsters away.
Spring Couplets
Spring couplets are traditionally written with black ink on red paper. They are hung in storefronts in the month before the New Year’s Day, and often stay up for two months. They express best wishes and fortune for the coming year. There is a great variety in the writing of these poetic couplets to fit the situation. A store would generally use couplets hat make references to their line of trade. Couplets that say "Happy New Year" and " Continuing Advancement in Education" are apprpriate for a school.
The New Year's Eve - Reunion Dinner
A reunion dinner is held on New Year's Eve where members of the family, near and far, get together for celebration. The New Year's Eve dinner is very large and traditionally includes chicken. Fish is included, but not eaten up completely (and the remaining stored overnight), as the Chinese phrase "nian nian you yu", or "every year there is fish/leftover", is a homophone for phrases which could mean "be blessed every year" or "have profit every year", since "yu" is also the pronunciation for "profit".
The New Year's Eve celebration was traditionally highlighted with a religious ceremony given in honor of Heaven and Earth, the gods of the household and the family ancestors.
First Day of the New Year
New Year's day is also celebrated within the family. Usually family members gather on the morning of New Year's Day. It is at this gathering that red packets are given to unmarried members of the family. The age of the recipient is not material to receiving the packets. Married couples usually give out two red packets on the first new year after being married. This is because the wife presents one and the husband presents one. In subsequent years they may give one as a couple.
Red packets traditionally consisted of amounts which were considered multiples. Amounts like $2 (two piece of $1), or $20 were acceptable. Similarly "multiples" such as $1.10 and $2.20 were also acceptable. However, this is not strictly adhered to. The gift was originally a token amount but these days it is not uncommon to receive large sums in affluent families. In some families this tradition has evolved into the practice to substituting money-like instruments (stocks, bonds, unit trust) in place of large sums of cash.
Red packets are also given to unmarried visitors but the sums are often smaller than the packets given to family members or close friends.
Second Day of the New Year
The second day of the new year is usually for visiting the family of the wife if a couple is married. A large feast is also typically held on the second day of the new year.
Seventh Day of the New Year
The seventh day traditionally is known as the common man's birthday, the day when everyone grows one year older. It is also the day when tossed fish salad, yusheng, is eaten. People get together to toss the colourful salad and make wishes for continued wealth and prosperity. This is only celebrated amongst the Chinese in Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia and Singapore.
15th Day of the New Year - Lantern Festival
The New Year celebrations ended on the 15th of the First Moon with the Lantern Festival. On the evening of that day, people carried lanterns into the streets to take part in a great parade. Young men would highlight the parade with a dragon dance. The dragon was made of bamboo, silk, and paper, and might stretch for more than hundred feet in length. The bobbing and weaving of the dragon was an impressive sight, and formed a fitting finish to the New Year festival.
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